Horizontal Dynamic Stiffness and Interaction Factors of Inclined Piles
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17, Issue 9
Abstract
A Timoshenko beam-on-Pasternak foundation (T-P) model was developed to estimate the horizontal dynamic impedance and interaction factors for inclined piles subjected to horizontal harmonic load. The inclined pile with a fixed pile-to-cap connection was modeled as Timoshenko beams embedded in the homogeneous Pasternak foundation. The reactions of the soil on the pile tip were simulated by three springs in parallel with corresponding dashpots. The differential equations of normal and axial vibrations of the inclined pile were solved by means of the initial parameter method. The model and the theoretical derivations were validated through comparisons with results from other theoretical models for some large-diameter end-bearing piles and inclined piles. The effects of shear deformations of the soil and inclined piles, during the vibration, were highlighted by comparing the results of the T-P model with those from Euler beam-on-dynamic-Winkler foundation (E-W) model. Findings indicated that the T-P model is more accurate than the E-W model for analyzing the dynamic performance of the inclined piles with small slenderness ratios and large inclined angles. The effects of the inclined angle, slenderness ratio, and distance-diameter ratio on the dynamic impedance and interaction factors were studied by numerical examples. It is shown that the increased angle of the pile results in an increase of horizontal impedance and decreases in interaction factors.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 51678302) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant 2016B15014) are gratefully acknowledged. This work is also supported in part by the scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) under Grant 201408320149.
References
AFPS (Association Française du Génie Parasismique). (1990). Association Franncaise de genie parasismique, recommendations, Presses del Ponts at Chausees, Paris.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2004). “Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects.” Eurocode 8, Brussels, Belgium.
Deng, N., Kulesza, R., and Ostadan, F. (2007). “Seismic soil-pile group interaction analysis of a battered pile group.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, K. D. Pitilakis, ed., Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Dobry, R., and Gazetas, G. (1988). “Simple method for dynamic stiffness and damping of floating pile groups.” Géotechnique, 38(4), 557–574.
Gazetas, G., and Mylonakis, G. (1998). “Seismic soil-structure interaction: New evidence and emerging issues.” Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III, Geotechnical special publication 75, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1119–1174.
Gerolymos, N., and Gazetas, G. (2006). “Winkler model for lateral response of rigid caisson foundations in linear soil.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 26(5), 347–361.
Gerolymos, N., Giannakou, A., Anastasopoulos, I., and Gazetas, G. (2008). “Evidence of beneficial role of inclined piles: Observations and summary of numerical analyses.” Bull. Earthquake Eng., 6(4), 705–722.
Ghasemzadeh, H., and Alibeikloo, M. (2011). “Pile-soil-pile interaction in pile groups with batter piles under dynamic loads.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 31(8), 1159–1170.
Ghazavi, M., Ravanshenas, P., and El Naggar, M. H. (2013). “Interaction between inclined pile groups subjected to harmonic vibrations.” Soils Found., 53(6), 789–803.
Giannakou, A., Gerolymos N., and Gazetas G. (2006). “Lateral dynamic response of single inclined piles.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. Piling and Deep Foundations, Deep Foundations Institute, Hawthorne, NJ.
Gotman, A. L. (2013). “Performance of combined pile foundations under a horizontal load.” Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 50(3), 85–91.
Kampitsis, A. E., Sapountzakis, E. J., Giannakos, S. K., and Gerolymos, N. A. (2013). “Seismic soil-pile-structure kinematic and inertial interaction—A new beam approach.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 55(Dec), 211–224.
Kaynia, A. M., and Kausel, E. (1982). “Dynamic stiffness and seismic response of pile groups.” Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Liu, Y., Wang, X., and Zhang, M. (2014). “Lateral vibration of pile groups partially embedded in layered saturated soils.” Int. J. Geomech., 04014063.
Makris, N., and Gazetas, G. (1992). “Dynamic pile-soil-pile interaction. Part II: Lateral and seismic response.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 21(2), 145–162.
Medina, C., Padrón, L. A., Aznárez, J. J., and Maeso, O. (2015). “Influence of pile inclination angle on the dynamic properties and seismic response of piled structures.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 69(Feb), 196–206.
Medina, C., Padrón, L. A., Aznárez, J. J., Santana, A., and Maeso, O. (2014). “Kinematic interaction factors of deep foundations with inclined piles.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 43(13), 2035–2050.
Mylonakis, G. (2001). “Elastodynamic model for large-diameter end-bearing shafts.” Soils Found., 41(3), 31–44.
Mylonakis, G., and Gazetas, G. (1998). “Vertical vibration and additional distress of grouped piles in layered soil.” Soils Found., 38(1), 1–14.
Mylonakis, G., and Gazetas, G. (1999). “Lateral vibration and internal forces of grouped piles in layered soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 16–25.
Novak, M., and Aboul-Ella, F. (1978). “Impedance functions of piles in layered media.” J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 104(3), 643–661.
Novak, M., and Sachs, K. (1973). “Torsional and coupled vibrations of embedded footings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 2(1), 11–33.
Okawa, K., Kamei, H., Kimura, M., and Zhang, F. (2002). “Dynamic behaviour of a group-pile foundation with inclined piles in loose sand.” Physical Modelling in Geotechnics: ICPMG ’02, P. Guo, R. Phillips, and R. Popescu, eds., CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 729–734.
Padrón, L. A., Aznárez, J. J., Maeso, O., and Saitoh, M. (2012). “Impedance functions of end-bearing inclined piles.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 38(Jul), 97–108.
Padrón, L. A., Aznárez, J. J., Maeso, O., and Santana, A. (2010). “Dynamic stiffness of deep foundations with inclined piles.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39, 1343–1367.
Poulos, H. G. (2006). “Raked piles—Virtues and drawbacks.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 795–803.
Poulos, H. G., and Davis, E. H. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design, Wiley, New York.
Sadek, M., and Isam, S. (2004). “Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the seismic behavior of inclined micropiles.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 24(6), 473–485.
Saitoh, M., Padrón, L. A., Aznárez, J. J., Maeso, O., and Goit, C. S. (2016). “Expanded superposition method for impedance functions of inclined-pile groups.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 40(2), 185–206.
Sica, S., Mylonakis, G., and Simonelli, A. L. (2011). “Transient kinematic pile bending in two-layer soil.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 31(7), 891–905.
Turan, A., Hafez, D., and El Naggar, M. H. (2013). “The performance of inclined secant micro-pile walls as active vibration barriers.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 55(Dec), 225–232.
Wang, J., Lo, S. H., and Zhou, D. (2014a). “Effect of a forced harmonic vibration pile to its adjacent pile in layered elastic soil with double-shear model.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 67(Dec), 54–65.
Wang, J., Zhou, D., and Liu, W. Q. (2014b). “Horizontal impedance of pile groups considering shear behavior of multilayered soils.” Soils Found., 54(5), 927–937.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17 • Issue 9 • September 2017
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 5, 2015
Accepted: Mar 16, 2017
Published online: Jun 23, 2017
Published in print: Sep 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Nov 23, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.