Technical Papers
Jun 26, 2017

Thermomechanical Analysis and Parametric Study of Geothermal Energy Piles in Sand

Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17, Issue 9

Abstract

Response of geothermal energy piles in sand under combined thermal and mechanical loading was investigated in the present work using a nonlinear axisymmetric finite-element (FE) analysis procedure. In this study, the piles were considered to behave linear-elastically. The stress-strain behavior of sand was simulated using a state parameter–based constitutive clay-and-sand model (CASM), which was implemented in FE software through a user material subroutine. The geothermal energy piles of different lengths and diameters with floating and end-bearing conditions in sand were analyzed under mechanical and thermomechanical loading to study the displacements of soil and pile through axial and radial strains in the pile and axial stress in the pile. In addition, parametric sensitivity studies were carried out by varying the relative density of sand and thermal load on the pile. Results showed that the relative density of the sand, applied thermal load on the pile, and the end condition of the pile govern the relative displacement between pile and soil. Also, axial stresses under thermomechanical loading were greater than they were under only mechanical loading.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC), Department of Science and Technology (DST), and Government of India for carrying out the work reported herein.

References

Abaqus 6.11 [Computer software]. SIMULIA, Providence, RI.
Amatya, B. L., Soga, K., Bourne Webb, P. J., Amis, T., and Laloui, L. (2012). “Thermo-mechanical behaviour of energy piles.” Géotechnique, 62(6), 503–519.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard specification for standard sand.” C778-13, West Conshohocken, PA.
Basu, P., Loukidis, D., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2011). “Analysis of shaft resistance of jacked piles in sand.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 35(15), 1605–1635.
Been, K., and Jefferies, M. G. (1985). “A state parameter for sands.” Géotechnique, 35(2), 99–112.
Boënnec, O. (2009). “Piling on the energy.” Geodrilling Int., 2009(Mar), 25–28.
Bolton, M. D., Dasari, G. R., and Britto, A. M. (1994). “Putting small-strain non-linearity into modified Cam-Clay model.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 537–542.
Bourne-Webb, P. J., Amatya, B., Soga, K., Amis, T., Davidson, C., and Payne, P. (2009). “Energy pile test at Lambeth College, London: Geotechnical and thermodynamic aspects of pile response to heat cycles.” Géotechnique, 59(3), 237–248.
Bourne-Webb, P. J., Amatya, B. L., and Soga, K. (2012). “A framework for understanding energy pile behaviour.” Proc, Institution of Civil Engineers–Geotechnical Engineering. Thomas Telford, London.
Brandl, H. (2006). “Energy foundations and other thermo-active ground structures.” Géotechnique, 56(2), 81–122.
Carraro, J. A. H. (2006). “Mechanical behavior of silty and clayey sands.” Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Cekerevac, C., and Laloui, L. (2004). “Experimental study of thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour of a clay.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 28(3), 209–228.
Davisson, Q. T., Manuel, F. S., and Armstrong, R. M. (1983). “Allowable stresses in piles.” Rep. No. FHWA/RD-83/059, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
De Moel, M., Bach, P. M., Bouazza, A., Rao, R. M., and Sun, J. O. (2010). “Technological advances and applications of geothermal energy pile foundations and their feasibility in Australia.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 14, 2683–2696.
Fromentin, A., Pahud, D., and Sarlos, G. (1998). “Heating and cooling systems with heat exchanger piles.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Energy and Environment: Energy and Environment, 230–234.
Ghasemi-Fare, O., and Basu, P. (2013). “A practical heat transfer model for geothermal piles.” Energy Build., 66, 470–479.
Goode, J. C., III, Zhang, M., and McCartney, J. S. (2014). “Centrifuge modeling of energy foundations in sand.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, C. Gaudin and D. White, eds., Taylor and Francis, London, 729–736.
Green, A. E., and Naghdi, P. M. (1992). “On undamped heat waves in an elastic solid.” J. Therm. Stresses, 15(2), 253–264.
GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump Association). (2012). “Thermal pile design, installation and materials standards.” Milton Keynes, U.K.
Kalantidou, A., Tang, M., Pereira, J., and Hassen, G. (2013). “Preliminary study on the mechanical behavior of heat exchanger pile in physical model.” Géotechnique, 62(11), 1047–1051.
Knellwolf, C., Peron, H., and Laloui, L. (2011). “Geotechnical analysis of heat exchanger piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 890–902.
Laloui, L., Moreni, M., and Vulliet, L. (2003). “Comportement d’un pieu bi-fonction, fondation et échangeur de chaleur.” Can. Geotech. J., 40(2), 388–402.
Laloui, L., Nuth, M., and Vulliet, L. (2006). “Experimental and numerical investigations of the behaviour of a heat exchanger pile.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 30(8), 763–781.
Loukidis, D. (2006). “Advanced constitutive modeling of sands and applications to foundation engineering.” Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
McCartney, J. S., and Rosenberg, J. E. (2011). “Impact of heat exchange on side shear of thermo-active foundations.” GeoFrontiers: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication 211, J. Han and D. E. Alzamora, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA.
McCartney, J. S., Rosenberg, J. E., and Sultanova, A. (2010). “Engineering performance of thermo-active foundation systems. GeoTrends.” The progress of geological and geotechnical engineering in Colorado at the cusp of a new decade. Geotechnical Practice Publication 6, C. M. Goss, J. B. Kerrigan, J. C. Malamo, M. O. McCarron, and R. L. Wiltshire, eds., ACSE, Reston, VA, 27–42.
Murphy, K. D., McCartney, J. S., and Henry, K. S. (2014). “Thermo-mechanical characterization of a full scale energy foundation.” Soil Behavior Fundamentals to Innovations in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication 233, M. Iskander, J. E. Garlanger, and M. H. Hussein, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 617–628.
Murthy, T. G., Loukidis, D., Carraro, J. A. H., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2006). “Undrained monotonic response of clean and silty sands.” Géotechnique, 57(3), 273–288.
Nemat-Nasser, S., and Okada, N. (2001). “Radiographic and microscopic observation of shear bands in granular materials.” Géotechnique, 51(9), 753–765.
Ortiz, M., and Simo, J. C. (1986). “An analysis of a new class of integration algorithms for elastoplastic constitutive relations.” Int. Numer. Methods Eng., 23(3), 353–366.
Pasten, C., and Santamarina, J. C. (2014). “Thermally induced long-term displacement of thermoactive piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 06014003.
Peron, H., Knellwolf, C., and Laloui, L. (2011). “A method for the geotechnical design of heat exchanger piles.” GeoFrontiers: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication 211, J. Han and D. E. Alzamora, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 470–479.
Rowe, P. W. (1962). “The stress dilatancy relation for static equilibrium of an assembly of particles in contact.” Proc. R. Soc. Ser. A, 267, 500–529.
Rowe, P. W. (1971). “Theoretical meaning and observed values of deformation parameters for soil.” Proc., Roscoe Memorial Symp. on Stress-Strain Behaviour of Soils, R. H. G. Parry, ed., G. T. Foulis, Henley-on-Thames, U.K., 143–194.
Saggu, R., and Chakraborty, T. (2015a). “Cyclic thermo-mechanical analysis of energy piles in sand.” Geotech. Geol. Eng., 33(2), 321–342.
Saggu, R., and Chakraborty, T. (2015b). “Thermal analysis of energy piles in sand.” Geomech. Geoeng., 10(1), 10–29.
Saggu, R., and Chakraborty, T. (2016). “Thermomechanical response of geothermal energy pile groups in sand.” Int. J. Geomech., 04015100.
Salciarini, D., Ronchi, F., Cattoni, E., and Tamagnini, C. (2015). “Thermomechanical effects induced by energy piles operation in a small piled raft.” Int. J. Geomech., 04014042.
Sasitharan, S., Robertson, P. K., Sego, D. C., and Morgenstern, N. R. (1994). “State-boundary surface for very loose sand and its practical implications.” Can. Geotech. J., 31(3), 321–334.
Stewart, M., and McCartney, J. (2014). “Centrifuge modeling of soil-structure interaction in energy foundations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 04013044.
Tarnawski, V. R., Momose, T., Leong, W. H., Bovesecchi, G., and Coppa, P. (2009). “Thermal conductivity of standard sands. Part I. Dry state conditions.” Int. J. Thermophys., 30(3), 949–968.
Uesugi, M., Kishida, H., and Tsubakihara, Y. (1988). “Behavior of sand particles in sand-steel friction.” Soils Found., 28(1), 107–118.
Vardoulakis, I., and Sulem, J. (1995). Bifurcation analysis in geomechanics, Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow, U.K.
Wang, B., Bouazza, A., and Haberfield, C. (2011). “Preliminary observations from laboratory scale model geothermal pile subjected to thermo-mechanical loading.” GeoFrontiers: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication 211, J. Han and D. E. Alzamora, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 430–439.
Wang, W., Regueiro, R. A., and McCartney, J. S. (2014a). “Coupled thermo-poro-mechanical finite element analysis of an energy foundation centrifuge experiment in partially saturated silt.” Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers: Geo-Characterization and Modeling for Sustainability. Geotechnical Special Publication 234, M. Abu-Farsakh, X. Yu, and L. R. Hoyos, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 2675–2684.
Wang, W., Regueiro, R. A., and McCartney, J. S. (2014b). “Coupled thermo-poro-mechanical finite element analysis of an energy foundation centrifuge experiment in saturated silt.” Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers: Geo-Characterization and Modeling for Sustainability. Geotechnical Special Publication 234, M. Abu-Farsakh, X. Yu, and L. R. Hoyos, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 4406–4415.
Yu, H. S. (1998). “CASM: A unified state parameter model for clay and sand.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 22(8), 621–653.
Yu, H. S. (2006). Plasticity and geotechnics, Springer, New York.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to International Journal of Geomechanics
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 17Issue 9September 2017

History

Received: Aug 27, 2015
Accepted: Mar 14, 2017
Published online: Jun 26, 2017
Published in print: Sep 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Nov 26, 2017

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Rajni Saggu [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity Univ., Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 313, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Tanusree Chakraborty [email protected]
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share