New Evaluation Method for Liquefaction of Ground Using Dynamic Liquefaction Analysis Method and Its Application
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONPublication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 16, Issue 5
Abstract
Nankai megathrust earthquakes are expected to occur with a return period of approximately 90–200 years along the fault of the Nankai Trough. Because they are interplate earthquakes, it is predicted that they will cause heavy liquefaction damage as a result of the long duration of their ground motion, especially around bay areas with soft deposits. In this study, a numerical analysis was performed for the ground in Osaka City with a hypothetical earthquake in the Nankai Trough region. In the numerical simulation of the dynamic behavior, a liquefaction analysis program was used. To quantify the degree of liquefaction at certain points, an index, named the liquefaction risk index (LRI), was defined and obtained by the weighted integration of the effective stress-decreasing ratio (ESDR) with respect to depth. Moreover, the LRI values were evaluated by data from the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. It was found that the obtained LRI values were greater than 6.0 for the points at which heavy liquefaction damage had occurred. From the numerical results, the risk of liquefaction was evaluated with these LRI values.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study used the hypothetical earthquake in the Nankai Trough region by M. Sugito of Gifu University. The boring test results released by the Kansai Geoinformatics Network were applied. This work was supported by Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-aid for scientific research 24221010 (representative Y. Kawata of Kansai University).
Figs. 8 and 9 were made by one of the authors, H. Yui, using the designated regional data (2012) and hydrology data (2012) of National Land Numerical Information provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan. The authors followed the terms of use before using these services (http://nlftp.mlit.go.jp/ksj-e/index.html). The authors thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and are grateful for all their support.
References
Armstrong, P. J., and Frederick, C. O. (1966). “A mathematical representation of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect.” Rep. RD/B/N 731, Central Electricity Generation Board, London.
Central Disaster Prevention Council, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, (2012). “Report by the investigation commission of great earthquake in Nankai-Trough.” 〈http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chuobou/〉 (Mar. 18, 2013).
Cetin, K. O., et al. (2004). “Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1314–1340.
Desai, C. S. (1999). “DSC-DYN2D-dynamic and static analysis, dry and coupled porous saturated materials.” Rep., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Desai, C. S. (2001). Mechanics of materials and interfaces: The disturbed state concept, CRC Press, Boca Baton, FL.
Desai, C. S., and Zaman, M. (2013). Advanced geotechnical engineering soil–structure interaction using computer and material models, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Baton, FL.
Dorby, R., Ladd, R. S., Yokel, F. Y., Chung, R. M., and Powell, D. (1982). “Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method.” Building Science Series 138, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Elgamal, A., Lu, J., and Forcellini, D. (2009). “Mitigation of liquefaction-induced lateral deformation in a sloping stratum: Three-dimensional numerical simulation.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1672–1682.
Iida, M. (2006). “Three-dimensional linear and simplified nonlinear soil response methods based on an input wave field.” Int. J. Geomech., 342–355.
Ishac, M. F., and Heidebrecht, A. C. (1982). “Energy dissipation and seismic liquefaction in sands.” Earthquake Eng. Struc. Dyn., 10(1), 59–68.
Iwasaki, T., Tatsuoka, F., Tokida, K., and Yasuda, S. (1978). “A practical method for assessing soil liquefaction potential based on case studies at various sites in Japan.” Proc., 5th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symp., Japan Association of Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo 641–648 (in Japanese).
Iwasaki, T., Tatsuoka, F., Tokida, K., and Yasuda, S. (1980). “On the degree of liquefaction during the earthquake.” Tuchi-to-kiso, Japanese Geotech. Soc., 28(4), 23–29 (in Japanese).
Jafarian, Y., Vakili, R., Abdollahi, A. S., and Baziar, M. H. (2014). “Simplified soil liquefaction assessment based on cumulative kinetic energy density: Attenuation law and probabilistic analysis.” Int. J. Geomech., 267–281.
Japan Road Association (2002). “Design specifications of highway bridges, Part V: Seismic design.” Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, (in Japanese; English version is available).
Japan Road Association (2012). Specification for highway bridges of Japan Road Association, revised version.
Kansai Geoinformatics Research Committee (2007). Sinkansaijiban, Osaka Plain, and Gulf of Osaka, M. Matsui, ed., KG-NET, Kansaiken Jiban Kenkyuukai, Osaka, Japan.
Kimoto, S., Shahbodagh Khan, B., Mirjalili, M., and Oka, F. (2013). “Cyclic elastoviscoplastic constitutive model for clay considering nonlinear kinematic hardening rules and structural degradation.” Int. J. Geomech., A4014005.
LIQCA Research and Development Group (Representative: F. Oka of Kyoto University). (2011), “Materials for LIQCA2D11?LIQCA3D11(2011 released print).” LIQCA Liquefaction Geo Research Institute, Kyoto.
Lu, C. W., Oka, F., and Zhang, F. (2008). “Analysis of soil–pile–structure interaction in a two-layer ground during earthquakes considering liquefaction.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 32(8), 863–895.
Matsuo, O. (1996). “Damage to river dikes,” Special issue on geotechnical aspects of the January 17 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake. Soils Found., 235–240.
Mirjalili, M. (2010). “Numerical analysis of a large-scale levee on soft soil deposits using two-phase finite deformation theory.” Ph.D. thesis, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.
Mirjalili, M., Kimoto, S., Oka, F., and Higo, Y. (2011). “Elasto-viscoplastic modeling of Osaka soft clay considering destructuation and its effect on the consolidation analysis of an embankment.” Geomech. Geoeng., 6(2), 69–89.
Oka, F., Furuya, K., and Uzuoka, R. (2004). “Numerical simulation of cyclic behavior of dense sand using a cyclic elasto-plastic model.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Cyclic Behavior of Soils and Liquefaction Phenomena, T. Triantafyllidis, ed., A.A. Balkema Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands, 85–90.
Oka, F., and Kimoto, S. (2012). “Constitutive modeling of geomaterials.” Qing Yang et al., eds., Advances and new applications, Springer, Berlin, 215–221.
Oka, F., Tsai, P., Kimoto, S., and Kato, R. (2012). Damage patterns of river embankments due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and a numerical modeling of the deformation of river embankments with a clayey subsoil layer.” Soils Found., 52(5), 890–909.
Oka, F., Yashima, A., Shibata, T., Kato, M., and Uzuoka, R. (1994). “FEM-FDM coupled liquefaction analysis of a porous soil using an elasto-plastic model.” Appl. Sci. Res., 52(3), 209–245.
Oka, F., Yashima, A., Tateishi, A., Taguchi, Y., and Yamashita, S. (1999). “A cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model for sand considering a plastic-strain dependence of the shear modulus.” Géotechnique, 49(5), 661–680.
Osaka Prefecture Japan, Civil Engineering Department. (1997). “Simplified criteria of liquefaction.” Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan.
Seed, H. B. (1979). “Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div, 105(2), 201–255.
Sugito, M., Furumoto, Y., and Sugiyama, T. (2000). “Strong motion prediction on rock surface by superposed evolutionary spectra.” 12th WCEE, Paper No. 2111 (CD-ROM), New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Sugito, M., Kuse, M., Nojima, N., and Kondo, T. (2012). “Estimation of ground strong motion for megathrust earthquake along the fault at the Nankai Trough.” Annual Rep. of Gifu Univ. River Basin Research Center, 10, 45–48 (in Japanese).
Urayasu City, Investigation committee for the countermeasure against the liquefaction in Urayasu city. (2012). “Report of the 2011 investigation committee of the countermeasure against the liquefaction.” Vol. 2, Chapter 2, 43–59 (in Japanese).
Uzuoka, R., et al. (2008). “Prediction of pile response to lateral spreading by 3-D soil–water coupled dynamic analysis: Shaking in the direction perpendicular to ground flow.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 28(6), 436–452.
Yasuda, S., Harada, K., Ishikawa, K., and Kanemaru, Y. (2012). “Characteristics of liquefaction in Tokyo Bay area by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake.” Soils Found., 52(5), 793–810.
Yui, H., Kimoto, S., Higo, Y., Kinugawa, T., and Oka, F. (2013). “Prediction of liquefaction on dynamic analysis of ground in Osaka city for the hypothetical earthquake in the Nankai trough region.” Proc., 48th Annual Meeting of JGS, E-08, 922, Japanese Geotechnical Society, Tokyo, 1843–1844 (in Japanese).
Zienkiewicz, O. C., Chan, A. H. C., Pastor, M., Schrefler, B. A., and Shiomi, T. (1999). Computational geomechanics with special reference to earthquake engineering, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, U.K.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 16 • Issue 5 • October 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 20, 2014
Accepted: Jun 16, 2015
Published online: Jan 28, 2016
Discussion open until: Jun 28, 2016
Published in print: Oct 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.