Novel Z-Shaped Structure of Lithium-Ion Battery Packs and Optimization for Thermal Management
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 1
Abstract
Thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs is a key technical problem that restricts the development of new-energy vehicles. The shape of air-cooled Lithium-ion battery packs is vital for thermal management system without replacing batteries. Here we proposed and optimized a novel Z-shaped battery pack structure, which was systematically analyzed and optimized by a computational fluid dynamics method. The results show that when the inlet airflow rate changes from , the temperature difference increases (from 7.91 to 9.67 K), while the temperature nonuniformity of the battery packs increases (from 2.49 to 3.09 K). The maximum temperature, difference, and nonuniformity of temperature all increase in the initial phase with the increase of battery spacing when the battery spacing is 4 mm; the inflection point appears and then decreases gradually. Meanwhile, the cooling effect of the Z-shaped structure is improved greatly by adding deflectors and rounding-off chamfers. When the tilt angle of deflectors is 60° and the radius of round chamfers is 5 mm, the maximum temperature of the battery packs decreases by 2.52 K; besides, the temperature difference and nonuniformity decreases significantly, which improves the performance of lithium-ion battery packs effectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21776028), the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Liaoning Province (20170520354), and the Key Research and Development Projects of Liaoning Province (2017308004). Yuan Xi and Yaohui Feng, the first two authors, contributed equally to this work.
References
Bernardi, D., E. Pawlikowski, and J. Newman. 1985. “A general energy-balance for battery systems.” J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2113792.
Chen, K., M. X. Song, W. Wei, and S. F. Wang. 2018. “Structure optimization of parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system with U-type flow for cooling efficiency improvement.” Energy 145 (Feb): 603–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.110.
Chen, K., S. F. Wang, M. X. Song, and L. Chen. 2017. “Structure optimization of parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 111 (Aug): 943–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.04.026.
Erb, D. C., S. Kumar, E. Carlson, I. M. Ehrenberg, and S. E. Sarma. 2017. “Analytical methods for determining the effects of lithium-ion cell size in aligned air-cooled battery packs.” J. Energy Storage 10 (Apr): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2016.12.003.
Fan, L. W., J. M. Khodadadi, and A. A. Pesaran. 2013. “A parametric studyon thermal management of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery module for plug-inhybrid electric vehicles.” J. Power Sources 238 (Sep): 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.050.
He, Y. C., T. J. Huang, and M. Tan. 2017. “Analysis on optimization and model selection of the heat transmission performance of heat exchanger.” Chem. Eng. Trans. 62: 355–360. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1762060.
Huang, R., R. Y. Yan, H. B. Zhou, J. Q. Xu, Y. Q. Huang, and X. L. Yu. Forthcoming. “Study on the distribution and arrangement mode of cylindrical Lithium-ion batteries.” Proc. CSEE. https://doi.org/10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.161181.
Javani, N., I. Dincer, G. F. Naterer, and B. S. Yilbas. 2014. “Heat transfer and thermal management with PCMs in a Li-ion battery cell for electric vehicles.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 72 (May): 690–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.12.076.
Jilte, R. D., and R. Kumar. 2018. “Numerical investigation on cooling performance of Li-ion battery thermal management system at high galvanostatic discharge.” Eng. Sci. Tech. Int. J. 21 (5): 957–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.07.015.
Jilte, R. D., R. Kumar, and L. Ma. 2019. “Thermal performance of a novel confined flow Li-ion battery module.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 146 (Jan): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.099.
Khan, W. A., J. R. Culham, and M. M. Yovanovich. 2006. “Convection heat transfer from tube banks in crossflow: Analytical approach.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 49 (25–26): 4831–4838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.05.042.
Lai, Y. Q., S. L. Du, L. Ai, L. H. Ai, Y. Cheng, Y. W. Tang, and M. Jia. 2015. “Insight into heat generation of lithium ion batteries based on the electrochemical-thermal model at high discharge rates.” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 40 (38): 13039–13049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.07.079.
Li, X. S., F. He, and L. Ma. 2013. “Thermal management of cylindrical batteries investigated using wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics simulation.” J. Power Sources 238 (Sep): 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.073.
Lu, Z., X. L. Yu, L. C. Wei, Y. L. Qiu, L. Y. Zhang, X. Z. Meng, and L. W. Jin. 2018. “Parametric study of forced air cooling strategy for lithium-ion battery pack with staggered arrangement.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 136 (May): 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.080.
Luo, Y., Y. X. Shi, and N. S. Cai. 2018. “Power-to-gas energy storage by reversible solid oxide cell for distributed renewable power systems.” J. Energy Eng. 144 (2): 04017079. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000509.
Mahamud, R., and C. Park. 2011. “Reciprocating air flow for Li-ion battery thermal management to improve temperature uniformity.” J. Power Sources 196 (13): 5685–5696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.076.
Mastali, M., E. Foreman, A. Modjtahedi, E. Samadani, A. Amirfazli, S. Farhad, R. A. Fraser, and M. Fowler. 2018. “Electrochemical-thermal modeling and experimental validation of commercial pouch lithium-ion batteries.” Int. J. Therm. Sci. 129 (Jul): 218–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.03.004.
Panchal, S., R. Khasow, I. Dincer, M. Agelin-Chaab, R. Fraser, and M. Fowler. 2017. “Thermal design and simulation of mini-channel cold plate for water cooled large sized prismatic lithium-ion battery.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 122 (Jul): 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.010.
Panchal, S., M. Mathew, R. Fraser, and M. Fowler. 2018. “Electrochemical thermal modeling and experimental measurements of 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery during discharge cycle for an EV.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 135 (May): 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.046.
Park, H. 2013. “A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles.” J. Power Sources 239 (Oct): 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.102.
Ren, J. Z. 2018. “New energy vehicle in China for sustainable development: Analysis of success factors and strategic implications.” Transport. Res. Part D-Transport. Environ. 59 (Mar): 268–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.01.017.
Saleem, U., M. S. Aziz, A. Waqas, and M. A. Hanif. 2018. “Heat energy transfer using butyl stearate as phase change material for free-cooling applications.” J. Energy Eng. 144 (4): 04018043. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000562.
Saw, L. H., Y. Ye, and A. A. O. Tay. 2014. “Electro-thermal analysis and integration issues of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles.” Appl. Energy 131 (Oct): 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.016.
Saw, L. H., Y. Ye, A. A. O. Tay, W. T. Chong, S. H. Kuan, and M. C. Yew. 2016. “Computational fluid dynamic and thermal analysis of Lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling.” Appl. Energy 177 (Sep): 783–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.122.
Sriromreun, P., C. Thianpong, and P. Promvonge. 2012. “Experimental and numerical study on heat transfer enhancement in a channel with Z-shaped baffles.” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 39 (7): 945–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.05.016.
Wang, T., K. J. Tseng, J. Y. Zhao, and Z. B. Wei. 2014. “Thermal investigation of lithium-ion battery module with different cell arrangement structures and forced air-cooling strategies.” Appl. Energy 134 (Dec): 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.013.
Xie, Y. Q., S. Shi, J. C. Tang, H. W. Wu, and J. Z. Yu. 2018. “Experimental and analytical study on heat generation characteristics of a lithium-ion power battery.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 122 (Jul): 884–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.038.
Yu, K. H., X. Yang, Y. Z. Cheng, and C. H. Li. 2014. “Thermal analysis and two-directional air flow thermal management for lithium-ion battery pack.” J. Power Sources 270 (Dec): 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.086.
Zhang, X. L., M. Li, Y. L. Zhang, F. Y. Wang, and K. L. Wu. 2018. “Experimental and numerical investigation of thermal energy management with reciprocating cooling and heating systems for li-ion battery pack.” J. Energy Eng. 144 (4): 04018039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000557.
Zhang, X. W. 2011. “Thermal analysis of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery.” Electrochim. Acta 56 (3): 1246–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.054.
Zhao, C. R., A. C. M. Sousa, and F. M. Jiang. 2019. “Minimization of thermal non-uniformity in lithium-ion battery pack cooled by channeled liquid flow.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 129 (Feb): 660–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.10.017.
Zhong, G. J., G. Q. Zhang, X. Q. Yang, X. X. Li, Z. Y. Wang, C. Z. Yang, C. X. Yang, and G. Y. Gao. 2017. “Researches of composite phase change material cooling/resistance wire preheating coupling system of a designed 18650-type battery module.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 127 (Dec): 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.022.
Zhou, D. Y., C. Kim, and S. Yun. 2018. “Effective modulus of graphite electrode in Li-ion battery by considering ion concentration, porosity, and binding energy during lithium intercalation.” Mater. Lett. 224 (Aug): 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.04.074.
Zhou, T., T. Liu, Y. Deng, L. Chen, S. Qian, and Z. Liu. 2017. “Design of microfluidic channel networks with specified output flow rates using the CFD-based optimization method.” Microfluid. Nanofluid. 21 (1): 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-016-1842-y.
Zhu, C., X. H. Li, L. J. Song, and L. M. Xiang. 2013a. “Development of a theoretically based thermal model for lithium ion battery pack.” J. Power Sources 223 (Feb): 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.035.
Zhu, G. R., W. Tan, Y. Yu, and L. Y. Liu. 2013b. “Experimental and numerical study of the solid concentration distribution in a horizontal screw decanter centrifuge.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (48): 17249–17256. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie401902m.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 1 • February 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 31, 2019
Accepted: Jun 5, 2019
Published online: Nov 29, 2019
Published in print: Feb 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Apr 29, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.