Feasibility of Domestic Hot Water Regulation for Power Grid Peak and Valley Balance: Hotel-Building Case Study
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 5
Abstract
With the electricity shortage situation becoming increasingly serious, management of the power demand side has practical significance. The feasibility of using a water heater based on an air-source heat pump for storing hot water is analyzed for a hotel in Shanghai, located in the hot summer/cold winter area of China. A detailed dynamic operation strategy for a hot water load shift-peak and fill-valley approach is presented in order to promote power grid cut-peak and fill-valley behavior based on considering key factors such as occupancy, season, utilization efficiency, weather, and electricity price. The heat pump unit’s installed capacity and hot water tank’s volume are discussed. Meanwhile, the influence of two key factors—heat pump coefficient of performance (COP) and electricity price difference between peak and valley—on the energy efficiency and hourly electricity consumption distribution are analyzed. As a consequence, the capacity of the heat-pump water heater and required level of electricity distribution for the domestic hot water system are decreased. In addition, the low-efficiency problems from conventional whole heat-pump water heater systems at low occupancy and partial daily or annual hot water demand are solved. The phenomenon of “a powerful horse pulling a small car” for hotel hot water supply systems is eliminated. The hot water storage scheme effectively encourages electricity load cut peak and fill valley by a hot water load shift peak and fill valley in contrast to conventional schemes. Furthermore, in a broad sense, heat-pump storage of hot water at night has energy saving effects on the entire power grid system depending on heat pump COP and electricity price difference between peak and valley.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51308295).
References
Afsar, S., Brotcorne, L., Marcotte, P., and Savard, G. (2016). “Achieving an optimal trade-off between revenue and energy peak within a smart grid environment.” Renewable Energy, 91(6), 293–301.
Atikol, U. (2013). “A simple peak shifting DSM (demand-side management) strategy for residential water heaters.” Energy, 62(6), 435–440.
Barzin, R., Chen, J. J. J., Young, B. R., and Farid, M. M. (2015). “Peak load shifting with energy storage and price-based control system.” Energy, 92(3), 505–514.
China Architectural Design & Research Institute. (2007). “Specification for design of central hot water supply system in sub-district.”, China Planning Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Dan, N. N., Vouillamoz, P. E., Haghighat, F., Mankibi, M. E., and Moreau, A. (2014). “Phase change materials in hot water tank for shifting peak power demand.” Solar Energy, 107(9), 628–635.
Guo, J. J., Wu, J. Y., Wang, R. Z., and Li, S. (2011). “Experimental research and operation optimization of an air-source heat pump water heater.” Appl. Energy, 88(11), 4128–4138.
Ibrahim, O., Fardoun, F., Younes, R., and Louahlia-Gualous, H. (2014). “Air source heat pump water heater: Dynamic modeling, optimal energy management and mini-tubes condensers.” Energy, 64(1), 1102–1116.
Kang, N. N., Cho, S. H., and Kim, J. T. (2012). “The energy-saving effects of apartment residents’ awareness and behavior.” Energy Build., 46(3), 112–122.
Kepplinger, P., Huber, G., and Petrasch, J. (2016). “Field testing of demand side management via autonomous optimal control of a domestic hot water heater.” Energy Build., 127(9), 730–735.
Li, T., Zhao, X., and Xiao, W. (2015). “Regulation technology of air-conditioning load in commercial buildings for balance of power grid peak and valley.” Autom. Electr. Power Syst., 122(17), 96–103 (in Chinese).
Lu, S., Wei, S., Zhang, K., Kong, X., and Wu, W. (2013). “Investigation and analysis on the energy consumption of starred hotel buildings in Hainan Province, the tropical region of China.” Energy Convers. Manage., 75(11), 570–580.
Najafian, A., Haghighat, F., and Moreau, A. (2015). “Integration of PCM in domestic hot water tanks: Optimization for shifting peak demand.” Energy Build., 106(11), 59–64.
National Standard of the People’s Republic of China. (2009). “Code for design of building water supply and drainage.”, China Planning Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Passos, L., Cardemil, J. M., and Colle, S. (2014). “Feasibility study of using domestic solar hot water systems as alternative to reduce the electricity peak demand in Brazil.” Energy Proc., 57(10), 2487–2495.
Patteeuw, D., Henze, G. P., and Helsen, L. (2016). “Comparison of load shifting incentives for low-energy buildings with heat pumps to attain grid flexibility benefits.” Appl. Energy, 167(4), 80–92.
Pieri, S. P., Tzouvadakis, I., and Santamouris, M. (2015). “Identifying energy consumption patterns in the Attica hotel sector using cluster analysis techniques with the aim of reducing hotels’ footprint.” Energy Build., 94(5), 252–262.
Wang, F., Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., and Lin, Z. (2015). “Performance investigation of a novel frost-free air-source heat pump water heater combined with energy storage and dehumidification.” Appl. Energy, 139(2), 212–219.
Warren, P. (2014). “A review of demand-side management policy in the UK.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 29(7), 941–951.
Xing, J., Ren, P., and Ling, J. (2015). “Analysis of energy efficiency retrofit scheme for hotel buildings using eQuest software: A case study from Tianjin, China.” Energy Build., 87(1), 14–24.
Zhou, Z., Tan, H., and Wang, E. (2009). “Study on the use law of domestic hot water in hotel and design of heat pump heat recovery system.” Constr. Conserv. Energy, 37(215), 27–30 (in Chinese).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 6, 2016
Accepted: Nov 29, 2016
Published online: Mar 6, 2017
Discussion open until: Aug 6, 2017
Published in print: Oct 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.