Space-Level Plug-Load Densities of Educational Buildings on University Campuses
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 2
Abstract
The accuracy of energy estimation using building energy models is contingent on user inputs. Depending on the situation, energy models may use plug-load densities that are unsubstantiated for the specific building type and space conditions. A common standard in the literature lists plug-load density for educational facilities as . However, plug-loads have changed because of technological advancements and the frequency and types of equipment usage. It is crucial to develop plug-load densities at the space level based on their functionality, especially with the current very limited knowledge of spaces and their equipment energy usage. This is particularly true for educational buildings situated on university campuses. They house a variety of spaces, such as classrooms, offices, study rooms, imaging rooms, auditoriums, lounges, teaching laboratories, etc. Through detailed sensing and monitoring of two educational buildings on a university campus, this paper discusses the methodology to calculate space-level plug-load densities. Furthermore, this paper compares the plug-load density values of university campus educational buildings calculated in this study with previous studies.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers). (2004). “Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings.” ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Atlanta.
ASHRAE/IESNA (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers/Illuminating Engineering Society of North America). (1989). “ASHRAE/IESNA standard for energy efficient design of new buildings except low-rise residential.” ASHRAE 90.1-1989, Atlanta.
Bonnema, E., Leach, M., and Pless, S. (2013). “Technical support document: Development of the advanced energy design guide for large hospitals–50% energy savings.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
Brown, R. (2012). “Using wireless power meters to measure energy use of miscellaneous and electronic devices in buildings.” Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting (EEDAL) 2011 Conf., Copenhagen, Denmark.
Burgett, J. M., and Chini, A. R. (2013). “Effective energy efficiency measures for existing residential homes in the Florida market.” Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res., 9(1), 61–80.
California Title 24. (2008). “California’s energy efficiency standards for residential and nonresidential buildings.” California Building Standards Code, California Energy Commission, Sacremento, CA.
Cheung, H. I., et al. (2012). “Detailed energy data collection for miscellaneous and electronic loads in a commercial office building.” Proc., 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Asilomar, CA.
COMNET. (2011). “Commercial energy services network.” 〈http://comnet.org〉 (Mar. 21, 2011).
Cyros, K., and Korb, R. (2006). “Postsecondary education facilities inventory and classification manual (FICM): 2006 Edition.” National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC.
IPMVP Committee. (2001). “International performance measurement and verification protocol: Concepts and options for determining energy and water savings.”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
Korb, R. (1992). “Postsecondary education facilities inventory and classification manual.” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
McKenney, K., Guernsey, M., Ponoum, R., and Rosenfeld, J. (2010). “Commercial miscellaneous electric loads: Energy consumption characterization and savings potential in 2008 by building type.” TIAX LLC, Lexington, MA.
Moorefield, L., Frazer, B., and Bendt, P. (2008). “Office plug load field monitoring report.” ECOS Consulting, Durango, CO.
Moorefield, L., Frazer, B., and Bendt, P. (2011). “Office plug load field monitoring report.” ECOS Consulting, Durango, CO.
Nordman, B., and Sanchez, M. C. (2006). “Electronics come of age: A taxonomy for miscellaneous and low power products.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
Pless, S., Torcellini, P., and Long, N. (2007). “Technical support document: The development of the advanced energy design guide for K-12 schools—30% energy savings.” Rep. No. NREL/TP-551-42114, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
Porter, S., Moorefield, L., and May-Ostendorp, P. (2006). “Final field research report.”, ECOS Consulting, Durango, CO.
Roberson, J. A., Webber, C. A., McWhinney, M. C., Brown, R. E., Pinckard, M., and Busch, J. F. (2004). “After-hours power status of office equipment and energy use of miscellaneous plug-load equipment.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
Srinivasan, R. S., Lakshmanan, J., Santosa, E., and Srivastav, D. (2011a). “Plug-load densities for energy analysis: K-12 schools.” Energy Build., 43(11), 3289–3294.
Srinivasan, R. S., Lakshmanan, J., Srivastav, D., and Santosa, E. (2011b). “Benchmarking plug-load density for K-12 schools.” Proc., 12th Int. Building Performance Simulation Association Conf., IBPSA, Boston.
Urban, B., Tiefenbeck, V., and Roth, K. (2011). “Energy consumption of consumer electronics in US homes in 2010.” Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, Boston.
Vélez, J., and Salom, J. (2012). “Green IT in office buildings an analysis of energy saving strategies through experimentation and simulation.”, Thermal Energy and Building Performance Group.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 9, 2015
Accepted: Apr 20, 2016
Published online: Jul 20, 2016
Discussion open until: Dec 20, 2016
Published in print: Apr 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.