Energy and Exergy Analysis of China’s Distributed Combined Heating and Power with Heat-Pump Heating for Peak Shaving
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 4
Abstract
China has been vigorously developing natural gas-based urban district heating (UDH) for years to reduce severe air pollution. In this paper, energy and exergy analysis methods are applied to distributed combined heating and power with heat pump heating for peak shaving (DCHP + HPH) in five representative UDH cities in China. Effects of a peak shaving ratio (a ratio of the maximum heating load undertaken by heat pump heating to the maximum design heat load of the UDH system) on gas turbine load rate, primary energy ratio and exergy efficiency of the DCHP + HPH are investigated. The analysis results show that when the peak shaving ratios are in the range of 0.3–0.4, the average exergy loss of gas turbine can be reduced by approximately 25%, and the maximum average exergy efficiencies of the DCHP + on-demand HPHs in the five representative UDH cities reach approximately 50–51.4%. This optimal natural gas-based UDH should be promoted in China instead of natural gas-fired heating boilers to replace coal-based UDH.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51276016) and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2012CB720406).
References
Ahmadi, P., Dincer, I., and Rosen, M. A. (2011). “Exergy, exergoeconomic and environmental analyses and evolutionary algorithm based multi-objective optimization of combined cycle power plants.” Energy, 36(10), 5886–5898.
Cao, J. J., Wang, Q. Y., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Tie, X. X. (2012). “Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi’an, China.” Atmos. Environ., 59, 559–566.
Chen, X., et al. (2013). “Energy saving and emission reduction of China’s urban district heating.” Energy Policy, 55(4), 677–682.
Cheng, M. C., You, C. F., Cao, J., and Zhang, J. (2012). “Spatial and seasonal variability of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 aerosols in 14 major cities in China.” Atmos. Environ., 60, 182–192.
Chiang, H. D., et al. (2012). “Design and performance study of a solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine hybrid system applied in combined cooling, heating, and power system.” J. Energy Eng., 205–214.
China National Development, and Reform Commission (CNDRC), and China National Energy Administration (CNEA). (2011). “Guidance on the development of natural gas distributed energy.” 〈http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-10/13/content_1968820.htm〉 (Jul. 19, 2014).
China National Energy Administration (CNEA). (2012). “Beijing accomplished eliminating coal-based heating services within the second ring road.” 〈http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-01/05/c_131342315.htm〉 (Jul. 19, 2014).
Cho, W., Kim, J., and Lee, K.-S. (2012). “Combined heat and power unit capacity for high-heat to power ratio buildings without selling excess electricity to the grid.” Energy, 38(1), 354–361.
Climatic Data Center of Meteorological Information Center of Chinese Meteorological Administration (CDCMICCMA), Department of Building Science of Tsinghua University (DBSTHU). (2005). China-specific meteorological data sets on analysis of the construction thermal environment, China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing, China.
Dave, N., Do, T., and Palfreyman, D. (2011). “Post-combustion capture of CO2 from coal-fired power plants in China and Australia: An experience based cost comparison.” Energy Procedia, 4, 1869–1877.
Ehyaei, M. A., Ahmadi, P., Atabi, F., Heibati, M. R., and Khorshidvand, M. (2012). “Feasibility study of applying internal combustion engines in residential buildings by exergy, economic and environmental analysis.” Energy Build., 55(12), 405–413.
Fu, L., and Jiang, Y. (2000). “Optimal operation of a CHP plant for space heating as a peak load regulating plant.” Energy, 25(3), 283–298.
G1adysz, P., and Ziebik, A. (2013). “Complex analysis of the optimal coefficient of the share of cogeneration in district heating systems.” Energy, 62(1), 12–22.
Gustavsson, L., Dodoo, A., Truong, N. L., and Danielski, I. (2011). “Primary energy implications of end-use energy efficiency measures in district heated buildings.” Energy Build., 43(1), 38–48.
He, Y., et al. (2013). “Analysis of reasonable energy price ratios in China.” J. Energy Eng., 214–222.
Hepbasli, A. (2011). “A comparative investigation of various greenhouse heating options using exergy analysis method.” Appl. Energy, 88(12), 4411–4423.
Li, C., and Wang, R. Z. (2012). “Building integrated energy storage opportunities in China.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 16(8), 6191–6211.
Li, L., Tian, Z., Wang, J., Xu, J., Cai, C., and Hou, Y. (2011). “Energy conservation and emission reduction policies for the electric power industry in China.” Energy Policy, 39(6), 3669–3679.
Li, Y. J., and Xia, Y. (2013). “DES/CCHP: The best utilization mode of natural gas for China’s low carbon economy.” Energy Policy, 53(2), 477–483.
National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). (2012). China statistical yearbook, China Statistics Press, Beijing, China.
Pang, W. K., Ma, G. Y., and Li, Z. (2008). “Study of operation characteristics of air-source heat pump for cold regions.” HV&AC, 38(10), 82–85.
Rolfsman, B. (2004). “Combined heat-and-power plants and district heating in a deregulated electricity market.” Appl. Energy, 78(1), 37–52.
Siddiqui, A. S., Marnay, C., Firestone, R. M., and Zhou, N. (2007). “Distributed generation with heat recovery and storage.” J. Energy Eng., 181–210.
State Grid Energy Research Institute (SGERI). (2012). “Research for key issues in policies and regulations on distributed energy system.” 〈http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-02/10/c_131402694.htm〉 (Jul. 19, 2014).
State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company (SGSMELC), Shanghai Gas (Group) Co., LTD (SGGC). (2008). “Power technical specification of engineering for decentralized energy system.” DG/TJ08-115-2008, 〈http://www.shjjw.gov.cn/home/jsbz/08318.pdf〉 (Jul. 19, 2014).
Su, S., Li, B., Cui, S., and Tao, S. (2011). “Sulfur dioxide emissions from combustion in China: From 1990 to 2007.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 45(19), 8403–8410.
Thermoflow. (2012). GT PRO & GT master version 22, Southborough, MA.
Tveit, T. M., Savola, T., Gebremedhin, A., and Fogelholm, C. J. (2009). “Multi-period MINLP model for optimising operation and structural changes to CHP plants in district heating networks with long-term thermal storage.” Energy Convers. Manage., 50(3), 639–647.
Wang, H. C., Jiao, W. L., Lahdelma, R., and Zou, P. H. (2011a). “Techno-economic analysis of a coal-fired CHP based combined heating system with gas-fired boilers for peak load compensation.” Energy Policy, 39(12), 7950–7962.
Wang, L., Chen, X., Wang, L., Sun, S., Tong, L., and Yue, X. (2011b). “Contribution from urban heating to China’s 2020 goal of emission reduction.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 45(11), 4676–4681.
Wu, B., and Wang, L. (2014). “Energetic and exergetic analysis on China’s natural gas urban district heating systems for replacing coal: A case study of Beijing.” Distrib. Gener. Altern. Energy J., 29(1), 29–48.
Wu, X. S. (2012). “Analysis on security of natural gas supply in Beijing.” Urban Gas, 3, 30–35.
Xue, K. X., Hu, Y. X., Pan, G. S., and Shi, Y. L. (2011). “Development situation of natural gas industry in China.” Gas Heat, 31(12), 32–37.
Zhou, Z., Liu, P., Li, Z., and Ni, W. (2013). “An engineering approach to the optimal design of distributed energy systems in China.” Appl. Therm. Eng., 53(2), 387–396.
Zhu, Y. H., and Frey, H. C. (2007). “Simplified performance model of gas turbine combined cycle systems.” J. Energy Eng., 82–90.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 141 • Issue 4 • December 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 10, 2014
Accepted: Jun 30, 2014
Published online: Aug 5, 2014
Discussion open until: Jan 5, 2015
Published in print: Dec 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.