Unreinforced and TRM-Reinforced Masonry Building Subjected to Pseudodynamic Excitations: Numerical and Experimental Insights
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 147, Issue 12
Abstract
This paper contains a numerical study based on tests carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain) on a U-shaped unreinforced and Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM)-reinforced masonry structure subjected to horizontal loads. The masonry was composed of clay bricks with 10 mm thick mortar joints arranged in an English bond pattern. The prototype was tested by applying pseudodynamic displacement-driven cycles and varying cyclic amplitudes and frequencies in two different stages: (1) on the as-built structure and (2) after the application of the TRM material. A series of nonlinear numerical simulations were performed adopting the ABAQUS/Explicit version 6.14 finite-element (FE) software. The FE calibration was carried out using the results obtained during ambient vibration tests. Simulations were then used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed TRM strengthening technique in improving the behaviour of low-rise old masonry building subjected to horizontal loads.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness for the funding provided (BIA 2014-59036-R-AR), and also to the Grupo Mapei and Grupo Puma for their invaluable assistance during the experimental tests.
References
ABAQUS. 2014. Theory manual, version 6.14. Providence, RI: Simulia.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2013. Guide to design and construction of externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems for repair and strengthening concrete and masonry structures. ACI 549. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Acito, M., M. Bocciarelli, C. Chesi, and G. Milani. 2014. “Collapse of the clock tower in Finale Emilia after the May 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake sequence: Numerical insight.” Eng. Struct. 72 (Aug): 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.026.
ARTeMIS Modal. 2018. Structural vibration solutions A/S. Aalborg East, Denmark: NOVI Science Park.
Babatunde, S. A. 2017. “Review of strengthening techniques for masonry using fiber reinforced polymers.” Compos. Struct. 161 (Feb): 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.132.
Barducci, S., V. Alecci, M. De Stefano, G. Misseri, L. Rovero, and G. Stipo. 2020. “Experimental and analytical investigations on bond behavior of basalt-FRCM systems.” J. Compos. Constr. 24 (1): 04019055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000985.
Bertolesi, E., M. Buitrago, E. Giordano, P. A. Calderón, J. J. Moragues, F. Clementi, and J. M. Adam. 2020. “Effectiveness of textile reinforced mortar (TRM) materials in preventing seismic-induced damage in a U-shaped masonry structure submitted to pseudo-dynamic excitations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 248 (Jul): 118532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118532.
Bertolesi, E., G. Milani, F. G. Carozzi, and C. Poggi. 2018. “Ancient masonry arches and vaults strengthened with TRM, SRG and FRP composites: Numerical analyses” Compos. Struct. 187 (Oct): 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.021.
Betti, M., L. Facchini, and P. Biagini. 2015. “Damage detection on a three-storey steel frame using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms.” Meccanica 50 (3): 875–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-014-0085-9.
Bhattacharya, S., S. Nayak, and S. C. Dutta. 2014. “A critical review of retrofitting methods for unreinforced masonry structures.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 7 (Mar): 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.12.004.
Bru, D., S. Ivorra, M. Buitrago, E. Bertolesi, M. Buitargo, and E. Bertolesi. 2019. “Oma identification on a scaled masonry building pre and post reinforced with TRM.” In Proc., 8th IOMAC, 1–8. Oviedo, Spain: International Operational Modal Analysis Conference.
Caggegi, C., F. G. Carozzi, S. De Santis, F. Fabbrocino, F. Focacci, Ł. Hojdys, E. Lanoye, and L. Zuccarino. 2017. “Experimental analysis on tensile and bond properties of PBO and aramid fabric reinforced cementitious matrix for strengthening masonry structures.” Composites, Part B 127 (Oct): 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.048.
Clementi, F., A. Ferrante, E. Giordano, F. Dubois, and S. Lenci. 2020. “Damage assessment of ancient masonry churches stroked by the Central Italy earthquakes of 2016 by the non-smooth contact dynamics method.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 18 (2): 455–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00613-4.
Consiglio Superiore dei Lavori Pubblici. 2018. Linea Guida per la identificazione, la qualificazione ed il controllo di accettazione di compositi fibrorinforzati a matrice inorganica (FRCM) da utilizzarsi per il consolidamento strutturale di costruzioni esistenti. [In Italian.] Rome: Consiglio superiore dei Lavori Pubblici.
de Carvalho Bello, C. B., A. Cecchi, E. Meroi, and D. V. Oliveira. 2017. “Experimental and numerical investigations on the behaviour of masonry walls reinforced with an innovative sisal FRCM system.” Key Eng. Mater. 747 (Jul): 190–195. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.747.190.
de Felice, G., T. D’Antino, S. De Santis, P. Meriggi, and F. Roscini. 2020. “Lessons learned on the tensile and bond behavior of fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites.” Front. Built Environ. 6 (Feb): 65. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00005.
De Naeyer, A., S. Arroyo, and J. Blanco. 2000. The charter of Krakow 2000: Principles for conservation and restoration of built heritage. Krakow, Polan: Bureau Krakow.
de Santis, S., G. de Felice, G. L. Di Noia, P. Meriggi, and M. Volpe. 2019. “Shake table tests on a masonry structure retrofitted with composite reinforced mortar.” Key Eng. Mater. 817 (Aug): 342–349. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.817.342.
Di Tommaso, A., and F. Focacci. 2001. “Strengthening historical monuments with FRP: A design criteria review.” In Composites in construction, 223–230. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Donnini, J., V. Corinaldesi, and A. Nanni. 2016. “Mechanical properties of FRCM using carbon fabrics with different coating treatments.” Composites, Part B 88 (Mar): 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.11.012.
Garofano, A., F. Ceroni, and M. Pecce. 2016. “Modelling of the in-plane behaviour of masonry walls strengthened with polymeric grids embedded in cementitious mortar layers.” Composites, Part B 85 (Feb): 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.09.005.
Ghiassi, B. 2020. “Mechanics and durability of lime-based textile reinforced mortars.” RILEM Tech. Lett. 4: 130–137. https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.99.
Giuffré, A. 1996. “A mechanical model for statics and dynamics of historical masonry buildings.” In Protection of the architectural heritage against earthquakes, 71–152. Vienna, Austria: Springer.
Grande, E., M. Imbimbo, and E. Sacco. 2018. “Numerical investigation on the bond behavior of FRCM strengthening systems.” Composites, Part B, 145 (Oct): 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.03.010.
Harajli, M., H. ElKhatib, and J. T. San-Jose. 2010. “Static and cyclic out-of-plane response of masonry walls strengthened using textile-mortar system.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (11): 1171–1180. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000128.
Hollaway, L. C. 2010. “A review of the present and future utilisation of FRP composites in the civil infrastructure with reference to their important in-service properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (12): 2419–2445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.062.
ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 1964. “International charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites (the Venice charter 1964).” In Proc., Int. Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Second Int. Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Buildings. Charenton-le-Pont, France: ICOMOS.
Ivorra, S., B. Torres, F. J. Baeza, and D. Bru. 2021. “In-plane shear cyclic behavior of windowed masonry walls reinforced with textile reinforced mortars.” Eng. Struct. 226 (Jan): 111343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111343.
Masciotta, M. G., L. F. Ramos, P. B. Lourenço, and M. Vasta. 2014. “Structural monitoring and damage identification on a masonry chimney by a spectral-based identification technique.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Structural Dynamic, EURODYN, 211–218. Porto, Portugal: European Association for Structural Dynamics.
Mendes, N., P. B. Lourenço, M. Besca, E. Trufelli, and A. Barontini. 2016. Diagnosis and seismic analysis of the our lady of conception church, Portugal, 199–219. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0639-5_10.
Milani, G., and P. B. Lourenço. 2013a. “Simple homogenized model for the nonlinear analysis of FRP-strengthened masonry structures. I: Theory.” J. Eng. Mech. 139 (1): 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000457.
Milani, G., and P. B. Lourenço. 2013b. “Simple homogenized model for the nonlinear analysis of FRP-strengthened masonry structures. II: Structural applications.” J. Eng. Mech. 139 (1): 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000479.
Milani, G., and M. Valente. 2015. “Failure analysis of seven masonry churches severely damaged during the 2012 Emilia-Romagna (Italy) earthquake: Non-linear dynamic analyses vs conventional static approaches.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 54 (Aug): 13–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.03.016.
Monaco, A., G. Minafò, J. D’Anna, M. C. Oddo, and L. La Mendola. 2020. “Constitutive numerical model of FRCM strips under traction.” Front. Built Environ. 6 (May): 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00060.
Oliveira, D. V., B. Ghiassi, Allahvirdizadeh Reza, X. Wang, G. Mininno, and R. A. Silva. 2019. “Macromodeling approach for pushover analysis of textile-reinforced mortar-strengthened masonry.” In Numerical modeling of masonry and historical structures, 745–778. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Papanicolaou, C. G., T. C. Triantafillou, M. Papathanasiou, and K. Karlos. 2008. “Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: Out-of-plane cyclic loading.” Mater. Struct. Materiaux et Constr. 41 (1): 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9226-0.
Penna, A., P. Morandi, M. Rota, C. F. Manzini, F. da Porto, and G. Magenes. 2014. “Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 12 (5): 2255–2273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9496-6.
Ricci, E., D. V. Oliveira, E. Sacco, and B. Ghiassi. 2018. “Modelling of masonry arches strengthened at extrados with FRCM.” In Proc., 10th IMC, Shermanbury, UK: International Masonry Society.
Sadeghi, N. H., D. V. Oliveira, R. A. Silva, N. Mendes, M. Correia, and H. Azizi-bondarabadi. 2017. “Protection of historical constructions.” In Performance of adobe vaults strengthened with LC-TRM: An experimental approach. Lisbon, Portugal: IST Press.
Torres, B., S. Ivorra, F. Javier Baeza, L. Estevan, and B. Varona. 2021. “Textile reinforced mortars (TRM) for repairing and retrofitting masonry walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loads. An experimental approach.” Eng. Struct. 231 (4): 111742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111742.
Venanzi, I., A. Kita, N. Cavalagli, L. Ierimonti, and F. Ubertini. 2019. “Continuous OMA for damage detection and localization in the Sciri tower in Perugia, Italy.” In Proc., IOMAC—Int. Operational Modal Analysis Conf. 2019, Oviedo, Spain: International Operational Modal Analysis Conference.
Vlachakis, G., E. Vlachaki, and P. B. Lourenço. 2020. “Learning from failure: Damage and failure of masonry structures, after the 2017 Lesvos earthquake (Greece).” Eng. Fail. Anal. 117 (Nov): 104803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104803.
Wang, C., V. Sarhosis, and N. Nikitas. 2018. “Strengthening/retrofitting techniques on unreinforced masonry structure/element subjected to seismic loads: A literature review.” Open Constr. Build. Technol. J. 12 (1): 251–268. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874836801812010251.
Wang, X., B. Ghiassi, D. V. Oliveira, and C. C. Lam. 2017. “Modelling the nonlinear behaviour of masonry walls strengthened with textile reinforced mortars.” Eng. Struct. 134 (Mar): 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.12.029.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 29, 2020
Accepted: Aug 9, 2021
Published online: Sep 25, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 25, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Ersilia Giordano, Laura Marcheggiani, Antonio Formisano, Francesco Clementi, Application of a Non-Invasive Technique for the Preservation of a Fortified Masonry Tower, Infrastructures, 10.3390/infrastructures7030030, 7, 3, (30), (2022).
- Muhammad Haris, Mohammad Ashraf, Muhammad Fahim, undefined Samiullah, Experimental behaviour of unreinforced and confined rat-trap bond masonry, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 10.1080/19648189.2022.2134216, (1-17), (2022).
- Vasilis Sarhosis, Jose V. Lemos, Katalin Bagi, Gabriele Milani, Recent Advances on the Mechanics of Masonry Structures, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0002112, 148, 6, (2022).