Dynamic Impact Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Frozen Soil with Prefabricated Holes
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 146, Issue 8
Abstract
To explore the effects of holes and other defects on the dynamic mechanical properties of frozen soil under impact loading, frozen soil samples with three types of circular hole defects and different apertures were developed, and a dynamic compression experiment was performed with a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device. The results indicated that the existence of holes weakens the dynamic compressive properties of frozen soil. The effects of temperature and holes on the defective samples were evident. The trend observed in the stress–strain curve was consistent with that observed in the samples without holes. The SHPB experiment using frozen soil samples with prefabricated holes was numerically simulated using LS-DYNA software and the Holmquist–Johnson–Cook material model; the simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Using the postprocessing software LS-Prepost, the specific failure mode of the samples with holes was identified. The samples were found to have an X-type shear failure that was consistent with the theoretical research and the same as the failure rule of rock with holes. The dissipation energy per-unit volume was used to represent the energy-dissipation efficiency of the sample in the experiment. As the failure of a sample with holes led to more cracks, the energy-dissipation rate of a sample with holes was higher than that of a sample without holes, and it increased as the aperture increased.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request (experimental data, numerical model data, and energy calculation data).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11672253, 11972028), the Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures (SV2019-KF-19), and the Opening Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (SKLFSE201918).
References
Bochkarev, A. O., and M. A. Grekov. 2019. “Influence of surface stresses on the nanoplate stiffness and stability in the Kirsch problem.” Phys. Mesomech. 22 (3): 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959919030068.
Cao, C. X., Z. Zhu, T. Fu, and Z. Liu. 2018. “A constitutive model for frozen soil based on rate-dependent damage evolution.” Int. J. Damage Mech. 27 (10): 1589–1600.
Chen, B. S., S. S. Hu, Q. Y. Ma, and Z. Y. Tu. 2005. “Experimental research of dynamic mechanical behaviors of frozen soil.” Lixue Xuebao/Chinese J. Theoretical Appl. Mech. 37 (6): 724–728.
CS (Chinese Standard). 2011. Artificial frozen sandy soil experiment sample and sample preparation method: Part I. MT/T593-2011. Beijing: CS.
Daryadel, S. S., P. R. Mantena, K. Kim, D. Stoddard, and A. M. Rajendran. 2016. “Dynamic response of glass under low-velocity impact and high strain-rate SHPB compression loading.” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 432 (Part B): 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.10.043.
Daryadel, S. S., C. Ray, P. Tejas, and P. R. M. Pandya. 2015. “Energy absorption of pultruded hybrid glass-graphite epoxy composites under high strain-rate SHPB compression loading.” Mater. Sci. Appl. 6 (6): 511–518. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.66054.
Dyskin, A. V., E. Sahouryeh, R. J. Jewell, H. Joer, and K. B. Ustinov. 2003. “Influence of shape and locations of initial 3-D cracks on their growth in uniaxial compression.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 70 (15): 2115–2136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(02)00240-0.
French, M. H. 2007. The periglacial environment. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Fu, T. T., Z. Zhu, and C. Cao. 2019a. “Simulating the dynamic behavior and energy consumption characteristics of frozen sandy soil under impact loading.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 166 (Oct): 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102821.
Fu, T. T., Z. W. Zhu, and C. X. Cao. 2019b. “Constitutive model of frozen-soil dynamic characteristics under impact loading.” Acta Mech. 230 (1): 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-019-2369-6.
Furnish, M. D. 1998. “Measuring static and dynamic properties of frozen silty soils.”. Livermore, CA: Sandia National Labs.
Huang, K., Q. Y. Ma, and D. D. Ma. 2018. “Experimental and analysis of frozen clay with pre-existing flaws under uniaxial compressive impact load.” Sci. Techn. Eng. 18 (25): 224–229.
Kim, K. M., S. Lee, and J. Y. Cho. 2019. “Effect of maximum coarse aggregate size on dynamic compressive strength of high-strength concrete.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 125 (Mar): 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.11.003.
Kwak, H. G., and H. G. Gang. 2015. “An improved criterion to minimize FE mesh-dependency in concrete structures under high strain rate conditions.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 86: 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.07.008.
Lackner, R., A. Amon, and H. Lagger. 2005. “Artificial ground freezing of fully saturated soil: Thermal problem.” J. Eng. Mech. 131 (2): 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2005)131:2(211).
Lackner, R., C. Pichler, and A. Kloiber. 2008. “Artificial ground freezing of fully saturated soil: Viscoelastic behavior.” J. Eng. Mech. 134 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2008)134:1(1).
Lai, Y. M., M. K. Liao, and K. Hu. 2016. “A constitutive model of frozen saline sandy soil based on energy dissipation theory.” Int. J. Plast. 78 (Mar): 84–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2015.10.008.
Lee, M. Y., and A. F. Fossum. 2002. Frozen soil material testing and constitutive modeling. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Sandia Report.
Li, D. Y., T. J. Cheng, T. Zhou, and X. B. Li. 2015. “Experimental study of the dynamic strength and fracturing characteristics of marble samples with a single hole under impact loading.” Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng. 34 (2): 249–260.
Li, D. Y., Z. Han, and X. Sun. 2018. “Dynamic mechanical properties and fracturing behavior of marble samples containing single and double flaws in SHPB tests.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 52 (6): 1623–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1652-5.
Li, D. Y., Z. Y. Han, X. L. Sun, and X. B. Li. 2017. “Characteristics of dynamic failure of marble with artificial flaws under split Hopkinson pressure bar tests.” Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 36 (12): 2872–2884.
Li, H., X. Liu, and Z. Liu. 2006a. “Failure criteria of frozen soil based on fracture echini ices and its application in engineering.” China Civ. Eng. J. 9 (1): 65–69.
Li, H., X. Wang, and Y. Li. 2006b. “Experimental study on nonlinear fracture models of frozen soil.” Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 25 (7): 1391–1395.
Li, M., A. X. Mao, J. Tao Lu, G. Zhang, L. Zhang, and L. Chong. 2014. “Effect of sample size on energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under high strain rate.” Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 24 (2): 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2014.01.002.
Li, X. B., T. Zhou, and D. Y. Li. 2017. “Dynamic strength and fracturing behavior of single-flawed prismatic marble samples under impact loading with a split-Hopkinson pressure bar.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 50 (1): 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1093-y.
Liu, E., Y. H. Lai, H. Wong, and J. Feng. 2018. “An elastoplastic model for saturated freezing soils based on thermo-poromechanics.” Int. J. Plast. 107 (Aug): 246–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2018.04.007.
Liu, X. Y., and E. Liu. 2019. “Application of new twin-shear unified strength criterion to frozen soil.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 167 (Nov): 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102857.
Lundberg, B. 1976. “A split Hopkinson bar study of energy absorption in dynamic rock fragmentation.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 13 (6): 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(76)91285-7.
Ma, D., Q. Ma, Z. Yao, and K. Huang. 2019a. “Static-dynamic coupling mechanical properties and constitutive model of artificial frozen silty clay under triaxial compression.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 167 (Nov): 102858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102858.
Ma, D., Q. Ma, Z. Yao, P. Yuan, and R. Zhang. 2019b. “Dynamic mechanical properties and failure mode of artificial frozen silty clay subject to one-dimensional coupled static and dynamic loads.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4160804.
Ma, D. D., Q. Y. Ma, and P. Yuan. 2017. “SHPB tests and dynamic constitutive model of artificial frozen sandy clay under confining pressure and temperature state.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 136 (Apr): 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.01.004.
Ma, Q. Y., D. D. Ma, and Z. M. Yao. 2018. “Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on dynamic compressive strength and energy distribution of soft rock sample.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 153: 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.04.014.
Mahzad, E. F., H. Katebi, and A. Javadi. 2018. “Experimental Study of the mechanical behavior of frozen soils: A case study of Tabriz subway.” Periodica Polytechnica Civ. Eng. 62 (1): 117–125.
Pang, S. M., W. J. Tao, Y. J. Liang, Y. J. Liu, and S. Huan. 2019. “A modified method of pulse-shaper technique applied in SHPB.” Compos. Part B 165 (May): 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.021.
Ravichandran, G., and G. Subhash. 1994. “Critical appraisal of limiting strain rates for compression testing of ceramics in a split Hopkinson pressure bar.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77 (1): 263–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb06987.x.
Seah, C. C. 2009. “Characterization of the Iddefjord granite for penetration studies.” In Proc., ISRM Workshop on Rock Dynamics. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology.
Sha, R. D., Z. Z. Liang, and X. K. Qian. 2019. “Numerical simulation of rock samples failure mode with a single hole under dynamic loading.” J. Water Resour. Archit. Eng. 17 (4): 65–71.
Song, B., and W. Chen. 2006. “Energy for sample deformation in a split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment.” Exp. Mech. 46 (3): 407–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-006-6420-x.
Sujatha, V., and J. M. C. Kishen. 2003. “Energy release rate owing to friction at bimaterial interface in dams.” J. Eng. Mech. 129 (7): 793–800. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:7(793).
Sunita, M., and C. Tanusree. 2019. “Determination of high-strain-rate stress–strain response of granite for blast analysis of tunnels.” J. Eng. Mech. 145 (8): 04019057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001627.
Tang, C. A., R. H. C. Wong, K. T. Chau, and P. Lin. 2005. “Modeling of compression-induced splitting failure in heterogeneous brittle porous solids.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 72 (4): 597–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2004.04.008.
Wang, L., Q. Hu, X. Ling, D. Cai, and X. Xu. 2007. “Experimental study on dynamic shear modulus of remolded frozen silty clay for Qinghai-Xizang Railway.” J. Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib. 27 (2): 177–180.
Wang, L. L. 2007. Foundations of stress waves. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press.
Wang, M., Z. Zhu, Y. Dong, and L. Zhou. 2019. “Suggested methods for determining dynamic fracture toughness and numerical investigation of cracking processes under impacting loads.” J. Eng. Mech. 145 (5): 04019030. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001607.
Wang, X. L., and J. H. Guo. 1984. “On the dynamic stress concentration in the neighboughood of a cavity under impulse loading.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib. 4 (4): 50–60.
Wong, L. N. Y., and H. H. Einstein. 2009. “Systematic evaluation of cracking behavior in samples containing single flaws under uniaxial compression.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 46 (2): 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.03.006.
Wong, R. H. C., P. Lin, and C. A. Tang. 2006. “Experimental and numerical study on splitting failure of brittle solids containing single pore under uniaxial compression.” Mech. Mater. 38 (1–2): 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2005.05.017.
Wong, R. H. C., C. A. Tang, K. T. Chau, and P. Lin. 2002. “Splitting failure in brittle rocks containing pre-existing flaws under uniaxial compression.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 69 (17): 1853–1871. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(02)00065-6.
Xia, C. J., H. P. Xie, Y. Ju, and H. Zhou. 2006. “Experimental study of energy dissipation of porous rock under impact loading.” Eng. Mech. 30 (30): 3496–3506.
Xie, Q. J., Z. Zhu, and G. Kang. 2016. “A dynamic micromechanical constitutive model for frozen soil under impact loading.” Acta Mech. Solida Sin. 29 (1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-9166(16)60003-4.
Xu, H., and H. M. Wen. 2016. “A computational constitutive model for concrete subjected to dynamic loadings.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 91 (May): 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.01.003.
Xu, X., Q. Li, and G. Xu. 2019. “Investigation on the behavior of frozen silty clay subjected to monotonic and cyclic triaxial loading.” Acta Geotech. 15 (5): 1289–1302.
Yang, S. Q., Y. Z. Jiang, W. Y. Xu, and X. Q. Chen. 2008. “Experimental investigation on strength and failure behavior of pre-cracked marble under conventional triaxial compression.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 45 (17): 4796–4819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.04.023.
Yang, Y. G., Y. M. Lai, and X. Chang. 2010. “Laboratory and theoretical investigations on the deformation and strength behaviors of artificial frozen soil.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 64 (1): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.07.003.
Zhang, D., Z. W. Zhu, and Z. J. Liu. 2016. “Dynamic mechanical behavior and numerical simulation of frozen soil under impact loading.” Shock Vib. 2016: 1–16.
Zhang, F. L., Z. Zhu, T. Fu, and J. Jia. 2019. “Damage mechanism and dynamic constitutive model of frozen soil under uniaxial impact loading.” Mech. Mater. 140 (Jan): 103217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2019.103217.
Zhang, H. D., Z. Zhu, S. Song, G. Kang, and J. Ning. 2013. “Dynamic behavior of frozen soil under uniaxial strain and stress conditions.” Appl. Math. Mech. 34 (2): 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-013-1665-x.
Zhang, H. D., Z. W. Zhu, J. G. Ning, Y. Ma, and H. Jiang. 2014. “Mechanical behavior of frozen soil under uniaxial dynamic loading.” Guti Lixue Xuebao/Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 35 (1): 39–48.
Zhang, Q. B., and J. Zhao. 2013. “Determination of mechanical properties and full-field strain measurements of rock material under dynamic loads.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 60 (8): 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.01.005.
Zhang, X. P., and L. N. Y. Wong. 2012. “Cracking processes in rock-like material containing a single flaw under uniaxial compression: A numerical study based on parallel bonded-particle model approach.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45 (5): 711–737.
Zhang, Z. X., S. Q. Kou, L. G. Jiang, and P. Lindqvist. 2000. “Effects of loading rate on rock fracture: Fracture characteristics and energy partitioning.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 37 (5): 745–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00008-3.
Zhao, C., Z. Meng, and Z. Feng. 2018. “Cracking processes and coalescence modes in rock-like samples with two parallel pre-existing cracks” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51 (11): 3377–3393.
Zhou, Z. L., D. Y. Li, G. Ma, and J. Li. 2008. “Failure of rock under dynamic compressive loading.” J. Central South Univ. Technol. 15 (3): 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-008-0064-1.
Zhou, Z. W., W. Ma, S. J. Zhang, H. Du, Y. Mu, and G. Li. 2016. “Multiaxial creep of frozen loess.” Mech. Mater. 95 (Apr): 172–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.11.020.
Zhou, Z. W., W. Ma, S. J. Zhang, Y. Mu, and G. Li. 2020. “Experimental investigation of the path-dependent strength and deformation behaviours of frozen loess.” Eng. Geol. 265 (Feb): 105449.
Zhu, Z. W., G. Z. Kang, Y. Ma, Q. Xie, D. Zhang, and J. Ning. 2016. “Temperature damage and constitutive model of frozen soil under dynamic loading.” Mech. Mater. 102 (Nov): 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.08.009.
Zhu, Z. W., Z. Liu, Q. Xie, Y. Lu, and D. Li. 2018. “Dynamic mechanical experiments and microstructure constitutive model of frozen soil with different particle sizes.” Int. J. Damage Mech. 27 (5): 686–706. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789517700967.
Zou, C. J., L. N. Y. Wong, J. J. Loo, and B. S. Gan. 2016. “Different mechanical and cracking behaviors of single-flawed brittle gypsum samples under dynamic and quasi-static loadings.” Eng. Geol. 201: 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.014.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 146 • Issue 8 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 26, 2019
Accepted: Mar 25, 2020
Published online: Jun 13, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 13, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.