Numerical Study on the Collapse Behaviors of Shallow Tunnel Faces under Open-Face Excavation Condition Using Mesh-Free Method
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 145, Issue 11
Abstract
The stability and deformation of shallow tunnel faces are hard to predict, and the associated failure mechanisms are also indistinct to date. In this work, we incorporate the softening function and strain-dependent dilation model into a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework to simulate the collapse behaviors of shallow tunnel faces in cohesive–frictional soils under the open-face excavation condition. To this end, the stratum is modeled as a cohesive–frictional soil described by the elastoplastic constitutive model in combination with the Drucker–Prager yield criterion. Softening and strain-dependent dilation behaviors of soils are described by the softening function and the dilation model, which are incorporated into the constitutive model in the framework of the SPH method. For the deformation analysis, the effects of the cover depth variation on face extrusion and ground surface subsidence are investigated. For the face stability analysis, the impacts of the cohesion and the internal friction angle of surrounding soils on the safety factor of shallow tunnel faces are highlighted. Then, comparison is made between the results obtained from the present SPH method and those given by the finite-element method (FEM) and existing centrifuge model tests to verify the proposed SPH procedure. Ultimately, the main outcomes of the current work, including deformation features and safety factors of shallow tunnel faces, are presented.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51578091). The authors highly appreciate the helpful comments from two anonymous reviewers.
References
Anagnostou, G., and P. Perazzelli. 2015. “Analysis method and design charts for bolt reinforcement of the tunnel face in cohesive–frictional soils.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 47 (Mar): 162–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.10.007.
Bui, H. H., R. Fukagawa, K. Sako, and S. Ohno. 2008. “Lagrangian mesh-free particle method (SPH) for large deformation and post-failure flows of geomaterial using elastic-plastic soil constitutive model.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 32 (12): 1537–1570.
Bui, H. H., R. Fukagawa, K. Sako, and J. C. Wells. 2011. “Slope stability analysis and discontinuous slope failure simulation by elasto-plastic smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH)” Géotechnique 61 (7): 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.046.
Di Prisco, C., L. Flessati, G. Frigerio, R. Castellanza, M. Caruso, A. Galli, and P. Lunardi. 2018. “Experimental investigation of the time-dependent response of unreinforced and reinforced tunnel faces in cohesive soils.” Acta Geotech. 13 (3): 651–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0573-x.
Gingold, R. A., and J. J. Monaghan. 1977. “Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Theory and application to non-spherical stars.” MNRAS 181 (3): 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/181.3.375.
Gray, J. P., J. J. Monaghan, and R. P. Swift. 2001. “SPH elastic dynamics.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 190 (49): 6641–6662. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(01)00254-7.
Griffiths, D. V., and P. A. Lane. 1999. “Slope stability analysis by finite elements.” Géotechnique 49 (3): 387–403. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.387.
Han, K., C. Zhang, and D. Zhang. 2016. “Upper-bound solutions for the face stability of a shield tunnel in multilayered cohesive–frictional soils.” Comput. Geotech. 79 (Oct): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.05.018.
Hofle, R., J. Fillibeck, and N. Vogt. 2008. “Time dependent deformations during tunnelling and stability of tunnel faces in fine-grained soils under groundwater.” Acta Geotech. 3 (4): 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-008-0075-y.
Horn, M. 1961. “Horizontaler Erddruck auf senkrechte Abschlussflächen von Tunneln.” [In German.] In Landeskonferenz der ungarischen Tiefbauindustrie. Budapest. Düsseldorf, Germany: STUVA.
Idinger, G., P. Aklik, W. Wu, and R. I. Borja. 2011. “Centrifuge model test on the face stability of shallow tunnel.” Acta Geotech. 6 (2): 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-011-0139-2.
Khezri, N., H. Mohamad, M. Hajihassani, and B. Fatahi. 2015. “The stability of shallow circular tunnels in soil considering variations in cohesion with depth.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 49 (7): 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.04.014.
Kirsch, A. 2010. “Experimental investigation of the face stability of shallow tunnels in sand.” Acta Geotech. 5 (1): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-010-0110-7.
Leca, E., and L. Dormieux. 1990. “Upper and lower bound solutions for the face stability of shallow circular tunnels in frictional material.” Géotechnique 40 (4): 581–606. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1990.40.4.581.
Liu, G. R., and M. B. Liu. 2004. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: A meshfree particle method. Singapore: World Scientific.
Liu, M. B., and G. R. Liu. 2010. “Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH): An overview and recent developments.” Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 17 (1): 25–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-010-9040-7.
Matsuo, T., K. Mori, N. Hiraoka, H. H. Bui, and R. Fukagawa. 2016. “Study of SPH simulation on tunnel face collapse.” Int. J. GEOMATE 10 (22): 2077–2082. https://doi.org/10.21660/2016.22.5357.
Michalowski, R. L., and A. Drescher. 2009. “Three-dimensional stability of slopes and excavations.” Géotechnique 59 (10): 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.136.
Mollon, G., D. Dias, and A. H. Soubra. 2009. “Face stability analysis of circular tunnels driven by a pressurized shield.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (1): 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000194.
Mollon, G., D. Dias, and A. H. Soubra. 2011. “Rotational failure mechanisms for the face stability analysis of tunnels driven by a pressurized shield.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 35 (12): 1363–1388. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.962.
Monaghan, J. J. 1992. “Smoothed particle hydrodynamics.” Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30 (1): 543–574. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.002551.
Monaghan, J. J. 1994. “Simulating free surface flows with SPH.” J. Comput. Phys. 110 (2): 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1994.1034.
Monaghan, J. J. 2012. “Smoothed particle hydrodynamics and its diverse applications.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 44 (1): 323–346. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-120710-101220.
Neto, E. S., D. Peric, and D. R. J. Owen. 2008. Computational methods for plasticity: Theory and applications. New York: Wiley.
Ng, C. W. W., and G. T. K. Lee. 2002. “A three-dimensional parametric study of the use of soil nails for stabilizing tunnel faces.” Comput. Geotech. 29 (8): 673–697.
Nguyen, C. T., H. H. Bui, G. D. Nguyen, and R. Fukagawa. 2017. “A new SPH based approach to simulation of granular flows using viscous damping and stress regularization.” Landslides 14 (1): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0681-y.
Nomoto, T., S. Imamura, T. Hagiwara, O. Kusakabe, and N. Fujii. 1999. “Shield tunnel construction in centrifuge.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (4): 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:4(289).
Pan, Q., and D. Dias. 2017. “Upper-bound analysis on the face stability of a non-circular tunnel.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 62 (Feb): 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.11.010.
Paternesi, A., H. F. Schweiger, and G. Scarpelli. 2017. “Numerical analyses of stability and deformation behavior of reinforced and unreinforced tunnel faces.” Comput. Geotech. 88 (Aug): 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.04.002.
Peng, C., W. Wu, H. S. Yu, and C. Wang. 2015. “A SPH approach for large deformation analysis with hypoplastic constitutive model.” Acta Geotech. 10 (6): 703–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0399-3.
Schofield, A. N. 1980. “Cambridge geotechnical centrifuge operations.” Géotechnique 30 (3): 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1980.30.3.227.
Sloan, S. W. 2013. “Geotechnical stability analysis.” Géotechnique 63 (7): 531–571. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.RL.001.
Sloan, S. W., and A. Assadi. 1994. “Undrained stability of a plane strain heading.” Can. Geotech. J. 31 (3): 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-051.
Sterpi, D., and A. Cividini. 2004. “A physical and numerical investigation on the stability of shallow tunnels in strain softening media.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 37 (4): 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-003-0021-0.
Subrin, D., and H. Wong. 2002. “Tunnel face stability in frictional material: A new 3D failure mechanism.” C. R. Mec. 330 (7): 513–519.
Tang, X. W., W. Liu, B. Albers, and S. Savidis. 2014. “Upper bound analysis of tunnel face stability in layered soils.” Acta Geotech. 9 (4): 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0256-1.
Vermeer, P. A., N. Ruse, and T. Marcher. 2002. “Tunnel heading stability in drained ground.” Felsbau 20 (6): 8–18.
White, D. J., W. A. Take, and M. D. Bolton. 2003. “Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry.” Géotechnique 53 (7): 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.619.
Wong, K. S., C. W. W. Ng, Y. M. Chen, and X. C. Bian. 2012. “Centrifuge and numerical investigation of passive failure of tunnel face in sand.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 28 (3): 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.12.004.
Zhang, C., K. Han, and D. Zhang. 2015. “Face stability analysis of shallow circular tunnels in cohesive–frictional soils.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 50 (Aug): 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.08.007.
Zhao, J., and O. Künzli. 2016. “An introduction to connectivity concept and an example of physical connectivity evaluation for underground space.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 55 (May): 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.12.017.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 145 • Issue 11 • November 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 24, 2018
Accepted: Mar 5, 2019
Published online: Aug 20, 2019
Published in print: Nov 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jan 20, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.