Technical Papers
Jul 9, 2019

Mechanistic Sieve-Size Classification of Aggregate Gradation by Characterizing Load-Carrying Capacity of Inner Structures

Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 145, Issue 9

Abstract

To choose the maximum dividing sieve sizes for multiscale analysis, a mechanistic classification principle of sieve sizes is developed to characterize the size ranges of four inner structures in an aggregate’s gradation. A theoretical model of interlock check and stress evaluation is also established to evaluate the contact and interactive-filling status between the identified structures. Then, a discrete element (DE) simulation of triaxial compression tests of graded aggregates is built to validate the mechanistic classification principle. The contact force is extracted to calculate the contribution of each sieve size to bear the load and stabilize the structure. The size ranges of inner structures can be determined by the combined analysis of force occupation curves and mechanistic classification principle. The results show that the dividing sieve sizes for four gradations in the main classification system are different, but they are the same in the subclassification system. The sieve-size classification principle along with DE simulation can provide a basis of choosing appropriate sieve sizes to conduct multiscale analysis of asphalt mixtures and asphalt pavements.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Professors Bjorn Birgisson and Robert L. Lytton at Texas A&M University for valuable assistance in conducting this study. The study is financially supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University (YBJJ1841), the China Scholarship Council (No. 201706090166), the Open Fund of State Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology (Changsha University of Science & Technology, kfj160104), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu (BK20161421), and the National Natural Science Foundation of 363 China (No. 51378006).

References

AASHTO. 2003. Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials. AASHTO T-307-99. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Adhikari, S., and Z. You. 2010. “Investigating the sensitivity of aggregate size within sand mastic by modeling the microstructure of an asphalt mixture.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (5): 580–586. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000212.
Allen, D. H., D. N. Little, R. F. Soares, and C. Berthelot. 2015a. “Multi-scale computational model for design of flexible pavement. Part I: Expanding multi-scaling.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 18 (4): 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1065999.
Allen, D. H., D. N. Little, R. F. Soares, and C. Berthelot. 2015b. “Multi-scale computational model for design of flexible pavement. Part II: Contracting multi-scaling.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 18 (4): 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1066000.
Allen, D. H., D. N. Little, R. F. Soares, and C. Berthelot. 2015c. “Multi-scale computational model for design of flexible pavement. Part III: Two-way coupled multi-scaling.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 18 (4): 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1066001.
Austin, A. M. 2009. “Fundamental characterization of unbound base course materials under cyclic loading.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State Univ.
Buttlar, W., and Z. You. 2001. “Discrete element modeling of asphalt concrete: Microfabric approach.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1757 (1): 111–118. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-13.
Chen, J.-S., C.-H. Lin, E. Stein, and J. Hothan. 2004. “Development of a mechanistic-empirical model to characterize rutting in flexible pavements.” J. Transp. Eng. 130 (4): 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2004)130:4(519).
Chen, M., and Y. Wong. 2016. “Evaluation of the development of aggregate packing in porous asphalt mixture using discrete element method simulation.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 18 (1): 64–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1138881.
Dai, Q., and Z. You. 2007. “Prediction of creep stiffness of asphalt mixture with micromechanical finite-element and discrete-element models.” J. Eng. Mech. 133 (2): 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:2(163).
Das, P. K., B. Birgisson, D. Jelagin, and N. Kringos. 2015. “Investigation of the asphalt mixture morphology influence on its ageing susceptibility.” Mater. Struct. 48 (4): 987–1000. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0209-z.
Gu, F., H. Sahin, X. Luo, R. Luo, and R. L. Lytton. 2014. “Estimation of resilient modulus of unbound aggregates using performance-related base course properties.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (6): 04014188. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001147.
Gu, F., Y. Zhang, C. V. Droddy, R. Luo, and R. L. Lytton. 2016. “Development of a new mechanistic empirical rutting model for unbound granular material.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (8): 04016051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001555.
Li, Q., H. J. Lee, and S. Y. Lee. 2011. “Permanent deformation model based on shear properties of asphalt mixtures: Development and calibration.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2210 (1): 81–89. https://doi.org/10.3141/2210-09.
Ling, M., X. Luo, Y. Chen, F. Gu, and R. L. Lytton. 2018. “Mechanistic-empirical models for top-down cracking initiation of asphalt pavements.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1489134.
Lira, B., D. Jelagin, and B. Birgisson. 2013. “Gradation-based framework for asphalt mixture.” Mater. Struct. 46 (8): 1401–1414. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9982-3.
Luo, X., F. Gu, Y. Zhang, R. L. Lytton, and D. Zollinger. 2017. “Mechanistic-empirical models for better consideration of subgrade and unbound layers influence on pavement performance.” Transp. Geotech. 13 (Dec): 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.06.002.
Lytton, R. L., F.-L. Tsai, S. I. Lee, R. Luo, S. Hu, and F. Zhou. 2010. Models for predicting reflection cracking of hot-mix asphalt overlays. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Lytton, R. L., J. Uzan, E. G. Fernando, R. Roque, D. Hiltunen, and S. M. Stoffels. 1993. Vol. 357 of Development and validation of performance prediction models and specifications for asphalt binders and paving mixes. Washington, DC: Strategic Highway Research Program.
Ma, T., D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and J. Hong. 2016a. “Micromechanical response of aggregate skeleton within asphalt mixture based on virtual simulation of wheel tracking test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 111 (May): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.104.
Ma, T., D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Wang, and X. Huang. 2016b. “Simulation of wheel tracking test for asphalt mixture using discrete element modelling.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (2): 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1261725.
Masad, E., and J. Button. 2004. “Implications of experimental measurements and analyses of the internal structure of hot-mix asphalt.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1891 (1): 212–220. https://doi.org/10.3141/1891-25.
Masad, E., B. Muhunthan, N. Shashidhar, and T. Harman. 1999. “Quantifying laboratory compaction effects on the internal structure of asphalt concrete.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1681 (1): 179–185. https://doi.org/10.3141/1681-21.
MTPRC (Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China). 2011. Standard test methods of bitumen and bituminous mixtures for highway engineering. Beijing: MTPRC.
Onifade, I., D. Jelagin, B. Birgisson, and N. Kringos. 2015. “Towards asphalt mixture morphology evaluation with the virtual specimen approach.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 17 (3): 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1098561.
Onifade, I., D. Jelagin, A. Guarin, B. Birgisson, and N. Kringos. 2013. “Asphalt internal structure characterization with X-ray computed tomography and digital image processing.” In Multi-scale modeling and characterization of infrastructure materials, 139–158. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Sefidmazgi, N. R., L. Tashman, and H. Bahia. 2012. “Internal structure characterization of asphalt mixtures for rutting performance using imaging analysis.” Supplement, Road Mater. Pavement Des. 13 (S1): 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.657045.
Tashman, L. S., E. Masad, B. Peterson, and H. Saleh. 2000. “Internal structure analysis of asphalt mixes to improve the simulation of superpave gyratory compaction to field conditions.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State Univ.
TxDOT (Texas Dept. of Transport). 1999. Triaxial compression test for undisturbed soils. Austin, TX: TxDOT.
Uthus, L., M. Hopkins, and I. Horvli. 2008. “Discrete element modelling of the resilient behaviour of unbound granular aggregates.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 9 (6): 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430802169382.
Yideti, T. F., B. Birgisson, D. Jelagin, and A. Guarin. 2013. “Packing theory-based framework to evaluate permanent deformation of unbound granular materials.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 14 (3): 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2012.736620.
Ying, H., M. A. Elseifi, L. N. Mohammad, and M. M. Hassan. 2013. “Heterogeneous finite-element modeling of the dynamic complex modulus test of asphalt mixture using X-ray computed tomography.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (9): 04014052. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000949.
Yohannes, B., D. Tan, L. Khazanovich, and K. Hill. 2013. “Mechanistic modelling of tests of unbound granular materials.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 15 (7): 584–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2013.775442.
You, T., Y.-R. Kim, K. Z. Rami, and D. N. Little. 2018. “Multiscale modeling of asphaltic pavements: Comparison with field performance and parametric analysis of design variables.” J. Transp. Eng. 144 (2): 04018012. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPEODX.0000040.
You, Z., S. Adhikari, and M. E. Kutay. 2009. “Dynamic modulus simulation of the asphalt concrete using the X-ray computed tomography images.” Mater. Struct. 42 (5): 617–630. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9408-4.
You, Z., and W. Buttlar. 2006. “Micromechanical modeling approach to predict compressive dynamic moduli of asphalt mixtures using the distinct element method.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1970 (1): 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198106197000107.
Zeghal, M. 2004. “Discrete-element method investigation of the resilient behavior of granular materials.” J. Transp. Eng. 130 (4): 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2004)130:4(503).
Zhang, Y., T. Ma, X. Ding, T. Chen, X. Huang, and G. Xu. 2018. “Impacts of air-void structures on the rutting tests of asphalt concrete based on discretized emulation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 166 (Mar): 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.141.
Zhao, Y., T. Xu, X. Huang, and Z. Li. 2012. “Gradation design of the aggregate skeleton in asphalt mixture.” J. Test. Eval. 40 (7): 1071–1076. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20120142.
Zhou, F., E. Fernando, and T. Scullion. 2010. Development, calibration, and validation of performance prediction models for the Texas M-E flexible pavement design system. Austin, TX: Texas A&M Univ. System.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 145Issue 9September 2019

History

Received: Sep 27, 2018
Accepted: Jan 16, 2019
Published online: Jul 9, 2019
Published in print: Sep 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Dec 9, 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Ph.D. Candidate, School of Transportation, Southeast Univ., 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-8307. Email: [email protected]
Professor, School of Transportation, Southeast Univ., 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Meng Ling, Ph.D. [email protected]
Postdoctoral Research Associate, Zachry Dept. of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843. Email: [email protected]
Xiaoming Huang [email protected]
Professor, School of Transportation, Southeast Univ., 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share