Abstract
Single-bolted angle joints are widely used on secondary bracings of lattice steel towers due to their low cost and ease of construction. It has been observed that the hysteretic behavior of these joints has a significant impact on the dynamic performance of the tower structure and the nonstructural components supported by the tower. However, the various phases of this hysteretic cycle have never been investigated in detail. Therefore, there are no accurate numerical models for these types of joints in the popular software packages for structural analysis. This in turn hinders advanced studies on the performance of these critical infrastructure components (utility towers) under strong wind or seismic loads. This paper first explains the mechanics and the various stages of the hysteretic behavior of the joint, including friction, slippage, bolt bearing, and plasticity. Finite-element models are built and validated for the analytical modeling of the joint under monotonic loading. The model for hysteretic behavior is then presented, considering cyclic joint slippage and bolt-hole elongation (damage accumulation). A novel algorithm is developed to efficiently incorporate the analytical model into a computer program. In particular, the analytical model is the basis for a new zero-length finite element that can be used in the OpenSees framework. The methodology is applied to single-bolted angle joints with 10 typical configurations. The proposed analytical zero-length element is shown to agree well with brick element simulation results under both monotonic and cyclic loading. Therefore, the hysteretic behavior of the single-bolted angle connections can be incorporated into the dynamic analysis of lattice steel towers by inputting easily obtained physical properties, for example, plate thickness and width, bolt and bolt hole diameter, and material strength. This proposed element will enable engineers and researchers to efficiently study the cyclic performance of lattice tower structures capturing well the joint behavior.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work is part of the Probabilistic Resilience Assessment of Interdependent Systems (PRAISys) project (www.praisys.org). The support from the National Science Foundation through Grant CMS-1541177 is gratefully acknowledged. The opinions and conclusions presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring organizations.
References
Ahmed, K. I. E., R. K. N. D. Rajapakse, and M. S. Gadala. 2009. “Influence of bolted-joint slippage on the response of transmission towers subjected to frost-heave.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 12 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943309787522641.
AISC. 2011. Manual of steel construction. 14th ed. Chicago: AISC.
Al-Bermani, F. G. A., and S. Kitipornchai. 1992a. “Elastoplastic nonlinear analysis of flexibly jointed space frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 118 (1): 108–127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:1(108).
Al-Bermani, F. G. A., and S. Kitipornchai. 1992b. “Nonlinear analysis of transmission towers.” Eng. Struct. 14 (3): 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(92)90025-L.
ASI (Austrian Standards Institute). 2007. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. ONORM EN 1992-1-1:2011. Vienna, Austria: ASI.
Beards, C. 1992. “Damping in structural joints.” Shock Vib. Digest 24 (7): 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/058310249202400703.
Bursi, O. S., and J. P. Jaspart. 1998. “Basic issues in the finite element simulation of extended end plate connections.” Comput. Struct. 69 (3): 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00136-9.
CEN (European Committee for Standardisation). 2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. EN 1993-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Fisher, J. W., and J. H. A. Struik. 1974. Guide to design criteria for bolted and riveted joints. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Hall, J., W. Holmes, and P. Somers. 1996. Vol. 1 of Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994: Reconnaissance report. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Hibbit, H., B. Karlsson, and E. Sorensen. 2012. ABAQUS user manual, version 6.12. Providence, RI: Simulia.
Jiang, W. Q., Z. Q. Wang, G. McClure, G. L. Wang, and J. D. Geng. 2011. “Accurate modeling of joint effects in lattice transmission towers.” Eng. Struct. 33 (5): 1817–1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.022.
Karamlou, A., and P. Bocchini. 2017. “Functionality-fragility surfaces.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (10): 1687–1709. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2878.
Kennedy, D. J. L. 1972. “High strength bolted galvanized joints.” J. Struct. Div. 98 (12): 2723–2738.
Khoo, H., R. Cheng, and T. Hrudey. 2000. Ductile fracture of steel: Structural engineering. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Alberta.
Kitipornchai, S., F. Al-Bermani, and A. Peyrot. 1994. “Effect of bolt slippage on ultimate behavior of lattice structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 120 (8): 2281–2287. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:8(2281).
Kulak, G. L., J. W. Fisher, and J. H. A. Struik. 1987. Guide to design criteria for bolted and riveted joints. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Lee, P.-S., and G. McClure. 2006. “A general three-dimensional L-section beam finite element for elastoplastic large deformation analysis.” Comput. Struct. 84 (3): 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2005.09.013.
Lund, L. 1996. “Lifeline utilities performance in the 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86 (1B): S350–S361.
Ma, L., and P. Bocchini. 2018. Opensees material for single-bolted connection: Computer code. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh Univ.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2006. The open system for earthquake engineering simulation (opensees) user command-language manual. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research.
NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation). 2018. Hurricane Harvey event analysis report. Atlanta: NERC.
Oldfield, M., H. Ouyang, and J. E. Mottershead. 2005. “Simplified models of bolted joints under harmonic loading.” Comput. Struct. 84 (1): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2005.09.007.
Peng, W., Z. Hui-Wu, Z. Xing, and Y. E. Min. 2015. “Effect of bolt joint on the behaviour of transmission tower with non-uniform settlement.” [In Chinese.] Eng. Mech. 32 (10): 209–219.
Petersen, W. O. 1962. “Design of EHV steel tower transmission lines.” J. Power Div. 88 (1): 39–66.
Rex, C. O., and W. S. Easterling. 1996. Behavior and modeling of a single plate bearing on a single bolt. Blacksburg, VA: Structures and Materials Research Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ.
Rex, C. O., and W. S. Easterling. 2003. “Behavior and modeling of a bolt bearing on a single plate.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (6): 792–800. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:6(792).
Richard, R. M., and M. K. Elsalti. 1991. PRCONN, Moment-rotation curves for partially restrained connections. Tucson, AZ: Dept. of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Univ. of Arizona.
Salih, E. L., L. Gardner, and D. A. Nethercot. 2010. “Numerical investigation of net section failure in stainless steel bolted connections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (12): 1455–1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.05.012.
Sekanet, S., and M. Garlock. 2010. “Guidelines for modeling three dimensional structural connection models using finite element methods.” In Proc., Int. Symp. Steel Structures: Culture and Sustainability 2010. Istanbul, Turkey.
Timoshenko, S. P., and J. M. Gere. 2009. Theory of elastic stability. 2nd ed. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
Ungkurapinan, N. 2000. “A study of joint slip in galvanized bolted angle connections.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Geological Engineering, Univ. of Manitoba.
Ungkurapinan, N., S. R. D. S. Chandrakeerthy, R. K. N. D. Rajapakse, and S. B. Yue. 2003. “Joint slip in steel electric transmission towers.” Eng. Struct. 25 (6): 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00003-8.
Van der Vegte, G., and Y. Makino. 2004. “Numerical simulations of bolted connections: The implicit versus the explicit approach.” In Proc., Connections in Steel Structures V: Behavior, Strength, and Design. Brussels, Belgium and Chicago: European Convention for Constructional Steelwork and American Institute of Steel Construction.
Zhao, L., A. Xin, F. Liu, J. Zhang, and N. Hu. 2016. “Secondary bending effects in progressively damaged single-lap, single-bolt composite joints.” Results Phys. 6: 704–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2016.08.021.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 145 • Issue 8 • August 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 17, 2018
Accepted: Dec 12, 2018
Published online: May 17, 2019
Published in print: Aug 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Oct 17, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.