Probabilistic Identification of Chloride Ingress in Reinforced Concrete Structures: Polynomial Chaos Kalman Filter Approach with Experimental Verification
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 144, Issue 6
Abstract
This study presents a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) framework for assessing the integrity of RC structures subjected to corrosive environmental conditions. The presented framework uses the Polynomial Chaos Kalman Filter (PCKF) for accurate prediction of the stochastic characteristics of the chloride profile in RC structures using real time measurements. The PCKF uses available measurement data of the chloride content at specific locations to update the probabilistic characteristics of the chloride ingress model parameters. These parameters are consequently used to forecast the chloride content profile in RC structures. The work builds on the available literature to quantify the various sources of uncertainty associated with the chloride ingress phenomena. Three long-term experimental data sets are used to assess the efficiency of the presented SHM framework by comparing the framework predictions to real time measurements. The experimental data are also used for sensitivity analysis to highlight the effects of the location and frequency of chloride concentration measurements, as well as the chloride ingress modeling assumptions, on the long-term performance of the SHM framework. The results emphasize the robustness of the presented PCKF approach. PCKF is found able to predict, with reasonable accuracy, the experimental measurements of the chloride content in all data sets.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. 1997. Standard method of test for sampling and testing for chloride ion in concrete and concrete raw materials. AASHTO T260. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Ababneh, A., F. Benboudjema, and Y. Xi. 2003. “Chloride penetration in nonsaturated concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 15 (2): 189–191.
Angst, U., B. Elsener, C. K. Larsen, and Ø. Vennesland. 2009. “Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete: A review.” Cem. Concr. Res. 39 (12): 1122–1138.
Ann, K. Y., J. H. Ahn, and J. S. Ryou. 2009. “The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (1): 239–245.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for acid-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete. ASTM C1152/C1152M-04. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bastidas-Arteaga, E., P. Bressolette, A. Chateauneuf, and M. Sánchez-Silva. 2009. “Probabilistic lifetime assessment of RC structures under coupled corrosion–fatigue deterioration processes.” Struct. Saf. 31 (1): 84–96.
Brenna, A., L. Lazzari, and M. Ormellese. 2015. “Monitoring chloride-induced corrosion of carbon steel tendons in concrete using a multi-electrode system.” Constr. Build. Mater. 96: 434–441.
Climent-Llorca, M. A., E. Viqueira-PCrez, and M. Lopez-Atalaya. 1996. “Embeddable Ag/AgCl sensors for in-situ monitoring chloride contents in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 26 (8): 1157–1161.
Crank, J. 1975. The mathematics of diffusion. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press.
Cusson, D., Z. Lounis, and L. Daigle. 2011. “Durability monitoring for improved service life predictions of concrete bridge decks in corrosive environments.” Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 26 (7): 524–541.
Duffó, G. S., and S. B. Farina. 2009. “Development of an embeddable sensor to monitor the corrosion process of new and existing reinforced concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (8): 2746–2751.
Elsener, B., L. Zimmermann, and H. Bohni. 2003. “Non destructive determination of the free chloride content in cement based materials.” Mater. Corros. 54 (6): 440–446.
Ervin, B., D. Kuchma, J. Bernhard, and H. Reis. 2009. “Monitoring corrosion of Rebar embedded in mortar using high-frequency guided ultrasonic waves.” J. Eng. Mech. 135 (1): 9–19.
Evensen, G. 1994. “Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics.” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 99 (C5): 10143–10162.
Gao, X., J. Zhang, Y. Yang, and H. Deng. 2010. “Fabrication and performance of all-solid-state chloride sensors in synthetic concrete pore solutions.” Sensors 10 (12): 10226–10239.
Ghanem, R. G., and P. D. Spanos. 2003. Stochastic finite elements: A spectral approach. New York: Springer.
JCSS (Joint Committee of Structural Safety). 2008. Risk assessment in engineering: Principles, system representation and risk criteria. Zurich, Switzerland: JCSS.
Jensen, O. M. 1998. Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar measured by electron probe micro analysis. Lyngby, Denmark: Technical Univ. of Denmark.
Kalman, R. E., and R. S. Bucy. 1961. “New results in linear filtering and prediction theory.” J. Basic Eng. 83 (3): 95–108.
Kim, J., W. J. McCarter, B. Suryanto, S. Nanukuttan, P. A. M. Basheer, and T. M. Chrisp. 2016. “Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical-and physically-based models.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 72, 133–145.
Laferriere, F., D. Inaudi, P. Kronenberg, and I. F. C. Smith. 2008. “A new system for early chloride detection in concrete.” Smart Mater. Struct. 17 (4): 045017.
Legat, A. 2007. “Monitoring of steel corrosion in concrete by electrode arrays and electrical resistance probes.” Electrochim. Acta 52 (27): 7590–7598.
Li, H., D. Li, and G. Song. 2004. “Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering.” Eng. Struct. 26 (11): 1647–1657.
Li, J., and D. Xiu. 2009. “A generalized polynomial chaos based ensemble Kalman filter with high accuracy.” J. Comput. Phys. 228 (15): 5454–5469.
Ljung, L. 1979. “Asymptotic behavior of the extended Kalman filter as a parameter estimator for linear systems.” IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 24 (1): 36–50.
McFarland, J. M. 2008. “Uncertainty analysis for computer simulation.” Doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt Univ.
Montemor, M. F., J. H. Alves, A. M. Simoes, J. C. S. Fernandes, Z. Lourenco, A. J. S. Costa, A. J. Appleton, and M. G. S. Ferreira. 2006. “Multiprobe chloride sensor for in situ monitoring of reinforced concrete structures.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 28 (3): 233–236.
Phurkhao, P., and M. Kassir. 2005. “Note on chloride-induced corrosion of reinforced concrete bridge decks.” J. Eng. Mech. 131 (1): 97–99.
Pierce, D. A., and D. W. Schafer. 1986. “Residuals in generalized linear models.” J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 81 (396): 977–986.
Saad, G. A. 2007. Stochastic data assimilation with application to multi-phase flow and health monitoring problems. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest.
Saad, G. A., and R. G. Ghanem. 2009. “Characterization of reservoir simulation models using a polynomial chaos based ensemble Kalman filter.” Water Resour. Res. 45 (4): W04417.
Saad, G. A., and R. G. Ghanem. 2013. “Robust structural health monitoring using a polynomial chaos based sequential data assimilation technique.” In Computational methods in stochastic dynamics, edited by M. Papadrakakis, G. Stefanou, and V. Papadopoulos, 203–213. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Saassouh, B., and Z. Lounis. 2012. “Probabilistic modeling of chloride-induced corrosion in concrete structures using first- and second-order reliability methods.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (9): 1082–1093.
Saetta, A. V., B. A. Schrefler, and R. V. Vitaliani. 1993. “The carbonation of concrete and the mechanism of moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials.” Cem. Concr. Res. 23 (4): 761–772.
Shafei, B., and A. Alipour. 2015. “Estimation of corrosion initiation time in reinforced concrete bridge columns: How to incorporate spatial and temporal uncertainties.” J. Eng. Mech. 141 (10): 04015037.
Shapiro, S. S., and M. B. Wilk. 1965. “An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples).” Biometrika 52 (3/4): 591–611.
Slika, W., and G. Saad. 2016a. “An ensemble Kalman filter approach for service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures subject to chloride-induced corrosion.” Constr. Build. Mater. 115: 132–142.
Slika, W., and G. A. Saad. 2017. “A practical polynomial chaos Kalman filter implementation using non-linear error projection on a reduced polynomial chaos expansion.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 112 (12): 1869–1885.
Slika, W. G., and G. A. Saad. 2016b. “A robust polynomial chaos Kalman filter framework for corrosion detection in reinforced concrete structures.” In Proc., 7th European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering. Athens, Greece: National Technical University of Athens.
Song, H., and V. Saraswathy. 2007. “Corrosion monitoring of reinforced concrete structures: A review.” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2 (1): 1–28.
Taerwe, L., and S. Matthys. 2013. Fib model code for concrete structures 2010. New York: Wiley.
Tang, J. L., and J. N. Wang. 2007. “Measurement of chloride-ion concentration with long-period grating technology.” Smart Mater. Struct. 16 (3): 665–672.
Thomas, M. D. A., and P. B. Bamforth. 1999. “Modelling chloride diffusion in concrete: Effect of fly ash and slag.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (4): 487–495.
Tofallis, C. 2008. “Least squares percentage regression.” J. Mod. App. Stat. Methods 7 (2): 526–534.
Torres-Luque, M., E. Bastidas-Arteaga, F. Schoefs, M. Sánchez-Silva, and J. F. Osma. 2014. “Non-destructive methods for measuring chloride ingress into concrete: State-of-the-art and future challenges.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68: 68–81.
Tuutti, K. 1982. Corrosion of steel in concrete. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute.
Tuutti, K. 1996. “Chloride induced corrosion in marine concrete structures.” In Durability of concrete on saline environment, edited by P. Sandberg, 81–93. Lund, Sweden: Lund Univ.
Uji, K., Y. Matsuoka, and T. Maruya. 1990. “Formation of an equation for surface chloride content of concrete due to permeation of chloride.” In Corrosion of reinforcements in concrete, edited by C. L. Page, K. W. J. Treadaway, and P. B. Bamforth, 258–267. Barking, England: Elsevier Applied Science.
Val, D., V. Trapper, and A. Pavel. 2008. “Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time of chloride-induced corrosion.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 93 (3): 364–372.
Wan, E. A., and R. Van Der Merwe. 2000. “The unscented Kalman filter for nonlinear estimation.” In Proc., IEEE 2000 Adaptive Systems for Signal Processing, Communications, and Control Symp., 153–158. New York: IEEE.
Yin, S., and X. Zhu. 2015. “Intelligent particle filter and its application to fault detection of nonlinear system.” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 62 (6): 3852–3861.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 144 • Issue 6 • June 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 4, 2017
Accepted: Dec 13, 2017
Published online: Apr 11, 2018
Published in print: Jun 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Sep 11, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.