Three-Dimensional Effects in Low-Strain Integrity Testing of Large Diameter Pipe Piles
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 142, Issue 9
Abstract
The interpretation of low-strain integrity testing performed on piles is commonly based on methods developed from the one-dimensional wave propagation theory. However, stress waves generated from the impact of the hammer on the head of a pipe pile propagate not only along the vertical, but also the circumferential and radial directions. One-dimensional methods that ignore these waves may underestimate the amplitude of the incident wave, and fail to predict the development of high-frequency interferences that may compromise the assessment of the integrity, particularly of large-diameter pipe piles. To account for these three-dimensional effects, the authors formulate a solution for determining the vertical vibration response along the cross-section of the pipe pile head to an impact load, which robustly accounts for coupling of pipe pile and viscoelastic soil vibrations. Presentation of the method is followed by a discussion on identifying the mechanisms that underlie body and surface stress-wave propagation along the section of the pipe pile head, and the conditions under which these may undermine the interpretation of pile integrity tests with conventional one-dimensional methods. A detailed parametric investigation revealed that there is an optimal position of the receiver, relative to the hammer impact, where the amplitude of the high-frequency interferences is minimized and the arrival of the reflected wave is clearly identified in the waveforms.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the 111 project (Grant No. B13024) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51378177 and 51420105013). The first author would like to acknowledge the support from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Geotechnical Science and Engineering in Australia.
References
Chai, H. Y., Phoon, K. K., and Zhang, D. J. (2010). “Effects of the source on wave propagation in pile integrity testing.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1200–1208.
Chen, F., and Luo, W. Z. (2004). “Dimension effect on low strain integrity testing of prestressed pipe piles.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng., 26(3), 353–356 (in Chinese).
Chen, F., and Wang, R. J. (1998). “Dimensional effects on low strain integrity testing of piles.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng., 20(5), 92–96 (in Chinese).
Chow, Y. K., Phoon, K. K., Chow, W. F., and Wong, K. Y. (2003). “Low strain integrity testing of piles: Three-dimensional effects.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1057–1062.
Davis, A. G., and Hertlein, B. H. (1991). “Development of nondestructive small-strain methods for testing deep foundations: A review.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1331, 15–20.
De Nicola, A., and Randolph, M. F. (1999). “Centrifuge modelling of pipe piles in sand under axial loads.” Geotechnique, 49(3), 295–318.
Ding, X. M., Liu, H. L., Kong, G. Q., and Zheng, C. J. (2014). “Time-domain analysis of velocity waves in a pipe pile due to a transient point load.” Comput. Geotech., 58, 101–116.
Ding, X. M., Liu, H. L., Liu, J. Y., and Chen, Y. M. (2011). “Wave propagation in a pipe pile for low-strain integrity testing.” J. Eng. Mech., 598–609.
Fei, K., Liu, H. L., and Zhang, T. (2007). “Three-dimensional effects in low strain integrity test of PCC pile.” Rock Soil Mech., 28(6), 1095–1102 (in Chinese).
Gazis, D. C. (1959a). “Three-dimensional investigation of the propagation of waves in hollow circular cylinders: I. Analytical foundation.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 31(5), 568–573.
Gazis, D. C. (1959b). “Three-dimensional investigation of the propagation of waves in hollow circular cylinders: II. Numerical results.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 31(5), 573–578.
Goble, G. G., Likins, G. E., and Rausche, F. (1975). “Bearing capacity of piles from dynamic measurements.” Dept. of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH, 41–45.
Korenev, B. G. (2002). Title Bessel functions and their applications, Taylor & Francis, New York.
Lehane, B. M., and Gavin, K. G. (2001). “Base resistance of jacked pipe piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 473–480.
Liao, S. T., and Roesset, J. M. (1997). “Dynamic response of intact piles to impulse loads.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 21(4), 255–275.
Liu, H. L., Chu, J., and Deng, A. (2009). “Use of large-diameter cast-in situ concrete pipe piles for embankment over soft clay.” Can. Geotech. J., 46(8), 915–927.
Liu, H. L., Ng, C. W. W., and Fei, K. (2007). “Performance of a geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported highway embankment over soft clays: A case study.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1483–1493.
Lu, Z. T., Wang, Z. L., and Liu, D. J. (2013). “Study on low-strain integrity testing of pipe-pile using the elastodynamic finite integration technique.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 37(5), 536–550.
Massoudi, N., and Teffera, W. (2004). “Non-destructive testing of piles using the low strain integrity method.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 13–17.
Militano, G., and Rajapakse, R. K. N. D. (1999). “Dynamic response of a pile in a multi-layered soil to transient torsional and axial loading.” Geotechnique, 49(1), 91–109.
Morgano, C. M. (1996). “Determining embedment depths of deep foundations using non-destructive methods.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on the Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO, 734–747.
Novak, M., Nogami, T., and Aboul-Ella, F. (1978). “Dynamic soil reactions for plane strain case.” J. Eng. Mech. Div., 104(4), 953–959.
Rausche, F. (1972). “Soil resistance prediction from pile dynamics.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(9), 917–937.
Seidel, J. P., and Tan, S. K. (2004a). “Elimination of the Rayleigh wave effect on low strain integrity test results. Part 1: Experimental investigation.” 7th Int. Conf. on the Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles, Institution of Engineers Malaysia, Petaling Jeya, Malaysia, 179–185.
Seidel, J. P., and Tan, S. K. (2004b). “Elimination of the Rayleigh wave effect on low strain integrity test results. Part 2: Rayleigh wave elimination technique.” 7th Int. Conf. on the Application of Stress Wave Theory to Piles, Institution of Engineers Malaysia, Petaling Jeya, Malaysia, 187–192.
Steinbach, J., and Vey, E. (1975). “Caisson evaluation by stress wave propagation method.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 101(4), 361–378.
Veletsos, A. S., and Tang, Y. (1987). “Vertical vibration of ring foundations.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 15(1), 1–21.
Wang, K. H., Wu, W. B., Zhang, Z. Q., and Chin, J. L. (2010). “Vertical dynamic response of an inhomogeneous viscoelastic pile.” Comput. Geotech., 37(4), 536–544.
Xu, X. T., Liu, H. L., and Lehane, B. M. (2006). “Pipe pile installation effects in soft clay.” Proc. ICE-Geotech. Eng., 159(4), 285–296.
Zheng, C. J., Kouretzis, G. P., Ding, X. M., Liu, H. L., and Poulos, H. G. (2015a). “Three-dimensional effects in low strain integrity testing of piles: Analytical solution.” Can. Geotech. J., 65(999), 1–11.
Zheng, C. J., Liu, H. L., Kouretzis, G. P., Sloan, S. W., and Ding, X. M. (2015b). “Vertical response of a thin-walled pipe pile embedded in viscoelastic soil to a transient point load with application to low-strain integrity testing.” Comput. Geotech., 70(10), 50–59.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 24, 2015
Accepted: Mar 24, 2016
Published online: May 19, 2016
Published in print: Sep 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 19, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.