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Aug 30, 2022

Membranes in Zero-Liquid-Discharge Systems for Efficient Processes toward Sustainable Environment: A Review

Authors: Richa Modi [email protected], Ashish R. Kavaiya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-2355 [email protected], Piyush B. Vanzara [email protected], and Hiren D. Raval https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8386-727X [email protected]Author Affiliations
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 11
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0002040
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Abstract

With growing environmental concern over the pollutants being disposed of and the consequent pollution of surface water/ground water, the stringent environmental regulation called zero-liquid-discharge effluent treatment has gained popularity. Zero-liquid-discharge effluent treatment technologies avoid the liquid effluent being released outside the plant and can reuse water, which is an important commodity for any process plant. However, such technologies incur significant capital costs and recurring costs in terms of energy consumption. With the growth in industries in different sectors, such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textile, dyes and dye intermediates, dairy, food, and pulp, it is of paramount importance for the government and environmental regulating authorities to impose zero-liquid-discharge as the norm for the certain plants producing a certain amount of effluents. Thus, industries should develop sustainable and cost-effective zero-liquid-discharge technologies. Conventional zero-liquid-discharge technology comprises pretreatment, brine concentrator, and brine crystallizer to solidify all the impurities by thermal evaporation; such plants often have very high-energy consumption per cubic meter of effluent treated. Membrane-based technologies prior to brine concentrators can decrease the load of thermal evaporators by concentrating the effluent to a significant extent. However, the membrane used in zero-liquid-discharge technologies should have certain specific characteristics. They should be able to withstand the high organic load and high total dissolved solids concentration and consequently high pressure. The organic, inorganic, and biofouling on the membrane surface should not be so high so that the membranes can last longer. The present paper reviews different membranes used in zero-liquid-discharge technologies, their characteristics, and their performances and shows the perspectives and scope for future research in the area. Osmotically assisted reverse osmosis and low-salt-rejection reverse osmosis are relatively newer developments in zero and minimal discharge applications. The present paper shows new insight into this domain and provides directions for developing zero-liquid-discharge processes.

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Data Availability Statement

No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study. References for the literature sources have been cited in the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

CSIR-CSMCRI PRIS No. 218/2020. The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology India (Grant No. DST/TDT/WMT/Fouled membrane/2021/01) and the CSIR-CSMCRI library facility for providing access to reputed journals.

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Go to Journal of Environmental Engineering
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 11 • November 2022

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© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.

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Published online: Aug 30, 2022
Published in print: Nov 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jan 30, 2023

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ASCE Technical Topics:

  1. Biological processes
  2. Business management
  3. Effluents
  4. Environmental engineering
  5. Membranes
  6. Osmosis
  7. Pollutants
  8. Pollution
  9. Practice and Profession
  10. Salt water
  11. Structural engineering
  12. Structural members
  13. Structural systems
  14. Surface water
  15. Sustainable development
  16. Waste management
  17. Water (by type)
  18. Water and water resources
  19. Water management
  20. Water pollution

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Richa Modi [email protected]
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Gujarat Technological Univ., Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382027, India; Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Vyavasayi Vidya Pratisthan (VVP) Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat 360005, India. Email: [email protected]
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Ashish R. Kavaiya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-2355 [email protected]
Research Scholar, Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-2355. Email: [email protected]
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Piyush B. Vanzara [email protected]
Professor, Gujarat Technological Univ., Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382027, India; Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Vyavasayi Vidya Pratisthan (VVP) Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat 360005, India. Email: [email protected]
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Hiren D. Raval https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8386-727X [email protected]
Principle Scientist, Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8386-727X. Email: [email protected]
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  • Syahrul Nizam Maarup, Rafidah Hamdan, Norzila Othman, Adel Al-Gheethi, Sadeq Alkhadher, M. M. Abd El-Hady, S. El-Sayed Saeed, Steel Slag and Limestone as a Rock Filter for Eliminating Phosphorus from Domestic Wastewater: A Pilot Study in a Warm Climate, Water, 10.3390/w15040657, 15, 4, (657), (2023).
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