A Comprehensive Study of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Diclofenac Sodium in Reverse-Osmosis Concentrate: Analysis, Reaction Kinetics, and the Effect of Electrolyte Composition
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148, Issue 8
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is the most promising treatment for pharmaceutical removal in an aqueous matrix, though there are limited studies investigating the EO of pharmaceuticals in a real matrix such as reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC). High electrical conductivity causes less energy consumption for EO and massive chloride concentration in ROC make it suitable for its use as an electrolyte. The application of ROC as an electrolyte for the EO of diclofenac sodium (DCF) using an indigenously prepared anode is explored in this study. The removal rate increased with an increase in current density from 5 to for both DCF and intermediate products (IPs). The 0.005 -value obtained using a paired -test indicated that the results obtained using methanol as a quenching agent matched those obtained by immediate analysis (without quenching) at a 99.5% confidence level. Thus, methanol is the most suitable quenching agent in this study. The composition of electrolyte in terms of sulfate to chloride mass ratio was found to affect the removal of DCF and IPs. The maximum removal (approximately 95%) of DCF was obtained in the presence of a sulfate-to-chloride mass ratio ranging from 0.85 to 1.35. The phytotoxicity level increased from 3% to 9% after 120 min of EO, which is not significant compared with similar previous studies.
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Data Availability Statement
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article or its Supplemental Materials.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to DST-PURSE for the Junior Research Fellowship to Katha. The authors also acknowledge the financial support of DST-FIST, Government of India [No. 329 SR/FST/ETI-395/2015(C)], the Linde Engineering India Trust for the development of research facilities at the Environmental Engineering Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering (FTE), Maharaja Sayajirao Univ.
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Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 148 • Issue 8 • August 2022
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© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Jan 21, 2022
Accepted: Mar 17, 2022
Published online: Jun 3, 2022
Published in print: Aug 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 3, 2022
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