Abstract
Methane (), a potent greenhouse gas, is globally available as both natural gas and biogas for residential, commercial, and industrial use. Though an excellent source of heat and power, is often flared or released into the air due to the lack of economically attractive end use options. One promising option is its use as a low-cost feedstock for growth of -oxidizing microorganisms (methanotrophs) and production of single cell protein, methanol, bioplastics, and other bioproducts. However, such opportunities are impeded by the low aqueous solubility of and concerns about explosion hazards. To enable oxidation of at low levels, methane monooxygenase enzymes have evolved high affinities for , as reflected in low half-saturation coefficients (). Specific rates of consumption can therefore become maximum at low levels of dissolved . For such kinetics, high volumetric productivities can be achieved by increasing biomass concentrations. Historically, this has been achieved by pressurizing feedstock. New methods include coupling high media recirculation rates with in-line mass transfer devices (static mixers, gas permeable membranes); recirculating fluid contactors, such as polymers or oils; and modifying fluid media with hydrophilic additives, such as electrolytes and alcohols. These new methods ensure that a flammable mixture is not created and provide many opportunities for innovation.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request, such as the script for assessment of rate limitations.
Acknowledgments
Primary support for this work was supported by the Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES) through NASA Award No. 1208377-1-RFATP. J. L. Meraz was supported by the Stanford Bio-X Bowes Graduate Student Fellowship. Additional support was provided by the Stanford Global Development and Poverty Initiative Exploratory Project Award (Award No. 703 1182082-1-GWMOZ). S. H. El Abbadi was supported by the Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship. K. Dubrawski acknowledges support from the Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship Award. We thank Dr. Chungheon Shin for review of the manuscript and many helpful suggestions.
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©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Apr 2, 2020
Published in print: Jun 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Sep 2, 2020
ASCE Technical Topics:
- [Inorganic compounds]
- Biomass
- Bioreactors
- Business management
- Carbon compounds
- Carbon dioxide
- Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Energy engineering
- Energy sources (by type)
- Environmental engineering
- Fuels
- Hydrologic engineering
- Hydrologic properties
- Hydrology
- Membranes
- Methane
- Natural gas
- Non-renewable energy
- Occupational safety
- Organic compounds
- Petroleum
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Safety
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Waste management
- Waste treatment
- Water and water resources
- Water circulation
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