Evaluation of Stormwater Control Measure Performance Uncertainty
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 10
Abstract
The percentage removal metric is widely used in engineering practice for stormwater control measure (SCM) selection and design, because it has been adopted by regulatory agencies and because it is straightforward to use for load reduction calculations. Various studies have shown that the metric is poorly suited to the episodic and stochastic nature of stormwater flows, but the extent of uncertainty introduced by the use of the metric has not been quantified. This study evaluated SCM performance uncertainty for total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total suspended solids (TSS) load reduction in 14 regulator-defined SCM categories, based on data from 176 SCM monitoring studies aggregated using a subjective weighting scheme. Uncertainty was characterized according to the cumulative distribution of percentage removal values from these studies, and defined as the probability that SCMs will perform equal to or below credit values. SCM uncertainty based on these probabilities ranged from 0 to 0.95 and was generally between 0.31 and 0.84, although data were limited for several SCM categories. Probabilities that percentage load reduction was less than or equal to zero ranged from 0 to 0.61, and were generally between 0 and 0.30 across all SCM categories. Probabilities that TSS removal was less than or equal to 80% were generally between 0.35 and 0.77.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Aguilar, M. F. 2016. “Regulatory and economic consequences of empirical uncertainty for urban stormwater management.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech.
Aguilar, M. F., and R. L. Dymond. 2017. “Cost-effectiveness calculations using alternate metrics of stormwater control measure pollutant removal performance.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017, C. N. Dunn, and B. Van Weele, 391–402. Sacramento, CA: ASCE EWRI.
Aguilar, M. F., W. M. McDonald, and R. L. Dymond. 2016. “Benchmarking laboratory observation uncertainty for in-pipe storm sewer discharge measurements.” J. Hydrol. 534 (Mar): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.052.
Ajmal, M., and T.-W. Kim. 2015. “Quantifying excess stormwater using SCS-CN-based rainfall runoff models and different curve number determination methods.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 141 (3): 04014058. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000805.
AMEC. 2012. [Draft] Fairfax County Chesapeake Bay TMDL compliance—Planning level analysis. Fairfax County, VA: AMEC.
APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), and WEF (Water Environment Federation). 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22 ed. Washington, DC: APHA.
ARC (Atlanta Regional Commission), AECOM, Center for Watershed Protection, Center Forward, Georgia Environmental Protection Division, and Mandel Design. 2016. Georgia stormwater management manual. Atlanta: ARC.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test methods for determining sediment concentration in water samples. ASTM D3977-97. Conshocken, PA: ASTM.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2012. “Testing of meters—Test procedures and equipment.” In Water meters—Selection, installation, testing, and maintenance—Manual of water supply practices, M6, 53–85. Denver: AWWA.
Barrett, M. E. 2005. “Performance comparison of structural stormwater best management practices.” Water Environ. Res. 77 (1): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143005X41654.
Barrett, M. E. 2008. “Comparison of BMP performance using the international BMP database.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 77 (1): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:5(556).
Battiata, J., et al. 2014. “Recommendations of the expert panel to define removal rates for urban filter strips and stream buffer upgrade practices: Final report.” Accessed October 21, 2016. https://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/UFS_SBU_Expert_Panel_Draft_Report_Decision_Draft_FINAL_WQ_GIT_APPROVED_JUNE_9_2014.pdf.
Battiata, J., K. Collins, D. Hirschman, and G. Hoffmann. 2010. “The runoff reduction method.” J. Contemp. Water Res. Educ. 146 (1): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2010.00388.x.
Bertrand-Krajewski, J. L., G. Chebbo, and A. Saget. 1998. “Distribution of pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon.” Water Res. 32 (8): 2341–2356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00420-X.
Bertrand-Krawjewski, J. L., and M. Muste. 2008. “Understanding and managing uncertainty.” In Data requirements for integrated urban water management, edited by T. D. Fletcher, and A. Deletic, 65–90. London: Taylor & Francis.
Bos, M. G. 1989. Discharge measurement structures, 3 ed. Wageningen, Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.
Brabec, E. A. 2009. “Imperviousness and land-use policy: Toward an effective approach to watershed planning.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 14 (4): 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(425).
Braden, J. B., and D. M. Johnston. 2004. “Downstream economic benefits from storm-water management.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 130 (6): 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:6(498).
Brattebo, B. O., and D. B. Booth. 2003. “Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems.” Water Res. 37 (18): 4369–4376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00410-X.
Brent, D. A., L. Gangadharan, A. Lassiter, A. Leroux, and P. A. Raschky. 2017. “Valuing environmental services provided by local stormwater management.” Water Resour. Res 53 (6): 4907–4921. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019742.
Brown, R. A., and W. F. Hunt. 2011. “Underdrain configuration to enhance bioretention exfiltration to reduce pollutant loads.” J. Environ. Eng. 137 (11): 1082–1091. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000437.
Carmen, N. B., W. F. Hunt, and A. R. Anderson. 2016. “Volume reduction provided by eight residential disconnected downspouts in Durham, North Carolina.” J. Environ. Eng. 142 (10): 05016002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001107.
Ciach, G. J. 2003. “Local random errors in tipping-bucket rain gauge measurements.” J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 20 (5): 752–759. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20%3C752:LREITB%3E2.0.CO;2.
City of Austin. 2013. Impacts of stormwater control measures on water quality in Austin, TX. Austin, TX: Watershed Protection Dept.
Clark, S. E., and C. Y. S. Siu. 2008. “Measuring solids concentration in stormwater runoff: Comparison of analytical methods.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2): 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1021/es070371g.
Collins, K. A., W. F. Hunt, and J. M. Hathaway. 2008. “Hydrologic comparison of four types of permeable pavement and standard asphalt in Eastern North Carolina.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 15 (6): 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000139.
Copeland, C. 2012. Clean water act and pollutant total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Crookes, A. J., J. A. P. Drake, and M. Green. 2017. “Hydrologic and quality control performance of zero-exfiltration pervious concrete pavement in Ontario.” J. Sustainable Water Built Environ. 3 (3): 06017001. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000828.
CWP (Center for Watershed Protection). 2008. Technical memorandum: The runoff reduction method. Ellicott City, MD: Center for Watershed Protection.
D’Asaro, F., G. Grillone, and R. H. Hawkins. 2014. “Curve number: Empirical evaluation and comparison with curve number handbook tables in sicily.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 19 (12): 04014035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000997.
Davis, A. P. 2008. “Field performance of bioretention: Hydrology impacts.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 13 (2): 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:2(90).
Davis, A. P., M. Shokouhian, H. Sharma, and C. Minami. 2001. “Laboratory study of biological retention for urban stormwater management.” Water Environ. Res. 73 (1): 5–14. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143001X138624.
Davis, A. P., J. H. Stagge, E. Jamil, and H. Kim. 2012. “Hydraulic performance of grass swales for managing highway runoff.” Water Res. 46 (20): 6775–6786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.017.
Dedrick, A. R., and A. J. Clemmens. 1984. “Double-bubblers coupled with pressure transducers for water level sensing.” Trans. ASAE 27 (3): 779–783. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.32871.
Elmore, A. J., and S. S. Kaushal. 2008. “Disappearing headwaters: Patterns of stream burial due to urbanization.” Front. Ecol. Environ. 6 (6): 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1890/070101.
Emerson, C. H., C. Welty, and R. G. Traver. 2005. “Watershed-scale evaluation of a system of storm water detention basins.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 10 (3): 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2005)10:3(237).
Fischhoff, B., and A. L. Davis. 2014. “Communicating scientific uncertainty.” Supplement, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111 (S4): 13664–13671. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317504111.
Gain, W. S. 1996. The effects of flow-path modification on water-quality constituent retention in an urban stormwater detention pond and wetland system, Orlando, Florida. Tallahassee, FL: USGS.
Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers. 2009. Urban stormwater BMP performance monitoring. Washington, DC: USEPA.
Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers. 2011. International stormwater best management practices (BMP) database. Technical summary: Volume reductions. Washington, DC: Water Environment Research Foundation.
Gilbert, J. K., and J. C. Clausen. 2006. “Stormwater runoff quality and quantity from asphalt, paver, and crushed stone driveways in Connecticut.” Water Res. 40 (4): 826–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.12.006.
Granato, G. E. 2014. Statistics for stochastic modeling of volume reduction, hydrograph extension, and water-quality treatment by structural stormwater runoff best management practices (BMPs). Reston, VA: USGS.
Gregoire, B. G., and J. C. Clausen. 2011. “Effect of a modular extensive green roof on stormwater runoff and water quality.” Ecol. Eng. 37 (6): 963–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.02.004.
Grizzard, T. J., C. W. Randall, and R. C. Hoehn. 1976. “Data collection for water quality modeling in the Occoquan watershed of Virginia.” In Proc., Conference on environmental modeling and simulation, 819–823. Cincinnati: USEPA.
Guo, Y., and T. Gao. 2015. “Analytical equations for estimating the total runoff reduction efficiency of infiltration trenches.” J. Sustainable Water Built Environ. 2 (3): 06016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000809.
Habib, E., W. F. Krajewski, and A. Kruger. 2001. “Sampling errors of tipping-bucket rain gauge measurement.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 6 (2): 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:2(159).
Hach. 2009. Method 8190. Phosphorus, total. USEPA PhosVer3 with acid persulfate digestion. Loveland, CO: Hach.
Hach. 2014. Method 10071. Nitrogen, total. Persulfate digestion method. Loveland, CO: Hach.
Harmel, R. D., R. J. Cooper, R. M. Slade, R. L. Haney, and J. G. Arnold. 2006. “Cumulative uncertainty in measured streamflow and water quality data for small watersheds.” Trans. ASABE 49 (3): 689–701. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.20488.
Harmel, R. D., J. M. Hathaway, K. L. Wagner, J. E. Wolfe, R. Karthikeyan, W. Francesconi, and D. T. McCarthy. 2016. “Uncertainty in monitoring E. coli concentrations in streams and stormwater runoff.” J. Hydrol. 534 (Mar): 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.040.
Harmel, R. D., and P. K. Smith. 2007. “Consideration of measurement uncertainty in the evaluation of goodness-of-fit in hydrologic and water quality modeling.” J. Hydrol. 337 (3–4): 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.01.043.
Heiner, B. J., and T. B. Vermeyen. 2013. Laboratory evaluation of open channel area-velocity flow meters. Denver: US Bureau of Reclamation.
Herschy, R. W. 1995. “General purpose flow measurement equations for flumes and thin plate weirs.” Flow Measur. Instrum. 6 (4): 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-5986(95)00016-X.
Hoss, F., J. Fischbach, and E. Molina-Perez. 2016. “Effectiveness of best management practices for stormwater treatment as a function of runoff volume.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 124 (11): 05016009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000684.
Hunt, W. F., A. R. R. Jarrett, J. T. Smith, and L. J. Sharkey. 2006. “Evaluating bioretention hydrology and nutrient removal at three field sites in North Carolina.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 132 (6): 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:6(600).
Jarvie, H. P., J. A. Withers, and C. Neal. 2002. “Review of robust measurement of phosphorus in river water: Sampling, storage, fractionation and sensitivity.” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 6 (1): 113–131. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-113-2002.
Jones, J. E., J. K. Clary, E. W. Strecker, and M. M. Quigley. 2008. “15 reasons you should think twice before using percent removal to assess BMP performance.” Stormwater Magazine. January/February 2008.
Kea, K., and R. L. Dymond. 2016. “An analysis of patterns and trends in U.S. stormwater utility systems.” JAWRA J. Am Water Resour. Assoc. 52 (6): 1433–1449. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12462.
Kirby, W. H. 1991. Temperature sensitivity of mercury-manometer bubble gages. Reston, VA: USGS.
Koch, B. J., C. M. Febria, M. Gevrey, L. A. Wainger, and M. A. Palmer. 2014. “Nitrogen removal by stormwater management structures: A data synthesis.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 50 (6): 1594–1607. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12223.
Komlos, J., and R. G. Traver. 2012. “Long-term orthophosphate removal in a field-scale storm-water bioinfiltration rain garden.” J. Environ. Eng. 138 (10): 991–998. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000566.
Kotlash, A. R., and B. C. Chessman. 1998. “Effects of water sample preservation and storage on nitrogen and phosphorus determinations: Implications for the use of automated sampling equipment.” Water Res. 32 (12): 3731–3737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00145-6.
Kotula, A., and K. Cappiella. 2013. Cost-effectiveness study of urban stormwater BMPs in the James River Basin. Ellicott City, MD: Center for Watershed Protection.
Krueger, T., J. E. Freer, J. N. Quinton, C. J. A. Macleod, G. S. Bilotta, R. E. Brazier, P. Butler, and P. M. Haygarth. 2010. “Ensemble evaluation of hydrological model hypotheses.” Water Resour. Res. 46 (W07516): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007845.
Lee, H., S.-L. Lau, M. Kayhanian, and M. K. Stenstrom. 2004. “Seasonal first flush phenomenon of urban stormwater discharges.” Water Res. 38 (19): 4153–4163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.012.
Leisenring, M., M. Barrett, C. Pomeroy, L. Roesner, A. C. Rowney, and E. Strecker. 2013. Linking BMP systems performance to receiving water protection—BMP performance algorithms. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment & Reuse Foundation.
Leopold, L. B. 1968. Hydrology for urban land planning—A guidebook on the hydrologic effects of urban land use. Washington, DC: United States Dept. of the Interior.
Line, D. E., and W. F. Hunt. 2009. “Performance of a bioretention area and a level spreader-grass filter strip at two highway sites in North Carolina.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 135 (2): 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2009)135:2(217).
Mangangka, I. R., A. Liu, P. Egodawatta, and A. Goonetilleke. 2015. “Performance characterisation of a stormwater treatment bioretention basin.” J. Environ. Manage. 150 (Mar): 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.007.
McCarthy, D. T., K. Zhang, C. Westerlund, M. Viklander, J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, T. D. Fletcher, and A. Deletic. 2018. “Assessment of sampling strategies for estimation of site mean concentrations of stormwater pollutants.” Water Res. 129 (Feb): 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.001.
McMillan, H., T. Krueger, and J. Freer. 2012. “Benchmarking observational uncertainties for hydrology: Rainfall, river discharge and water quality.” Hydrol. Process. 26 (26): 4078–4111. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9384.
McNett, J. K., W. F. Hunt, and A. P. Davis. 2011. “Influent pollutant concentrations as predictors of effluent pollutant concentrations for mid-Atlantic bioretention.” J. Environ. Eng. 137 (9): 790–799. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000373.
Merz, B., and A. H. Thieken. 2005. “Separating natural and epistemic uncertainty in flood frequency analysis.” J. Hydrol. 309 (1–4): 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.11.015.
MGNDC (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County). 2016. “Post-construction water quality policies and procedures.” In Vol. 1 of Metropolitan Nashville—Davidson County stormwater management manual volume 1—Regulations, 1–10. Nashville, TN: MGNDC.
Neff, E. L. 1977. “How much rain does a rain gage gage?” J. Hydrol. 35 (3–4): 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(77)90001-4.
Nesbitt, J. B. 1969. “Phosphorus removal: The state of the art.” J. (Water Pollut. Control Fed.) 41 (5): 701–713.
NJDEP (New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection). 2004. “Stormwater pollutant removal criteria.” In New Jersey stormwater best management practices manual. Trenton, NJ: NJDEP.
Nord, G., F. Gallart, N. Gratiot, M. Soler, I. Reid, D. Vachtman, J. Latron, J. P. Martín-Vide, and J. B. Laronne. 2014. “Applicability of acoustic Doppler devices for flow velocity measurements and discharge estimation in flows with sediment transport.” J. Hydrol. 509 (Feb): 504–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.020.
NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Assessing the TMDL approach to water quality management. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
PADEP (Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Protection). 2006. “Chapter 6 structural BMPs.” In Stormwater best management practices manual, 1–259. Harrisburg, PA: PADEP.
Pitt, R., S. Chen, S. E. Clark, J. Swenson, and C. K. Ong. 2008. “Compaction’s impacts on urban storm-water infiltration.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 134 (5): 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:5(652).
Piza, H., and C. Eisel. 2011. Permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) at Denver wastewater management building Denver, Colorado 2008–2010. Denver: Urban Drainage and Flood Control District.
Rantz, S. E. 1982. Measurement and computation of streamflow: Volume 1. Measurement of stage and discharge. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
R Core Development Team. 2014. R language and environment for statistical computing version 3.0.2. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rushton, B. T. 2002. Treatment of stormwater runoff from an agricultural basin by a wet-detention pond in Ruskin, Florida. Brooksville, FL: Southwest Florida Water Management District.
Sarma, K. V. N., P. Lakshminarayana, and N. S. L. Rao. 1983. “Velocity distribution in smooth rectangular open channels.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 109 (2): 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1983)109:2(270).
Sauer, V. B., and R. W. Meyer. 1992. Determination of error in individual discharge measurements. Norcross, GA: USGS.
Schueler, T., and H. K. Holland. 2000. “Article 65: Irreducible pollutant concentrations discharged from stormwater practices.” Watershed Prot. Tech. 2 (2): 377–380.
Science Applications International. 1999. “Potential costs, pollutant load reductions, and cost effectiveness.” In Economic analysis of the final phase II stormwater rule. Reston, VA: USEPA.
Selbig, W. R., and R. T. Bannerman. 2011. “Ratios of total suspended solids to suspended sediment concentrations by particle size.” J. f Environ. Eng. 137 (11): 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000414.
Sharkey, J. L. 2006. “The performance of bioretention areas in North Carolina: A study of water quality, water quantity, and soil media.” Master’s thesis, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State, Univ.
Shedekar, V. S., K. W. King, N. R. Fausey, A. B. O. Soboyejo, R. D. Harmel, and L. C. Brown. 2016. “Assessment of measurement errors and dynamic calibration methods for three different tipping bucket rain gauges.” Atmos. Res. 178–179 (Sep): 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.04.016.
Sieck, L. C., S. J. Burges, and M. Steiner. 2007. “Challenges in obtaining reliable measurements of point rainfall.” Water Resour. Res. 43 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004519.
Simpson, T., and S. Weammert. 2009. Developing nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment reduction efficiencies for tributary strategy practices. BMP Assessment: Final Report. College Park, MD: Univ. of Maryland Mid-Atlantic Water Program.
Slade, R. M. 2004. General methods, information, and sources for collecting and analyzing water-resources data: CD-ROM textbook for EPCT 2403 field methods with natural waters, class in Environmental Resource and Technology Department at Austin Community College. Austin, TX: R.M. Slade.
Stevens, J. C. 1919. “The accuracy of water-level recorders and indicators of the float type.” Trans. ASCE 83 (1): 894–903.
Strecker, E. W., M. M. Quigley, B. R. Urbonas, J. E. Jones, and J. K. Clary. 2001. “Determining urban storm water BMP effectiveness.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 127 (3): 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:3(144).
Taher, I. A., and T. B. Culver. 2007. “Assessing the impact of BMP performance uncertainties in TMDL allocation.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 1–10. Reston, VA: ASCE-EWRI.
USBR (US Bureau of Reclamation). 2001. Water measurement manual. Denver: US Bureau of Reclamation.
USEPA. 1971a. Phosphorus, all forms (colorimetric, ascorbic acid, single reagent). Method 365.2. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1971b. Residue, non-filterable (gravimetric, dried at 103-105 °C). Method 160.2. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1974a. Nitrogen, nitrate-nitrite (spectrophotometric, cadmium reduction). Method 353.3. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1974b. Total phosphorus (colorimetric, automated, block digester AA II). Method 365.4. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1978a. Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total (colorimetric, automated phenate). Method 351.1. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1978b. Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total (colorimetric; titrimetric; potentiometric). Method 351.3. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1978c. Phosphorus, all forms (colorimetric, ascorbic acid, two reagent). Method 365.3. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1990. National pollutant discharge elimination system regulations for storm water discharges: Phase I final rule. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1993a. Determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography. Method 300.0, Revision 2.1. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1993b. Determination of nitrate-nitrite nitrogen by automated colorimetry. Method 353.2. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1993c. Determination of phosphorus by semi-automated colorimetry. Method 365.1. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1993d. Determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen by semi-automated colorimetry. Method 351.2, Revision 2.0. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1994. Determination of metals and trace elements in water and wastes by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (4.4.). Method 200.7. Cincinnati: USEPA.
USEPA. 1999. Vol. 64 of National pollutant discharge elimination system—Regulations for revision of the water pollution control program addressing storm water discharges. Phase II final rule. Washington, DC: USEPA.
USEPA. 2011. Summary of state stormwater standards. Washington, DC: USEPA.
VDEQ (Virginia Department of Environmental Quality). 2012. Virginia Chesapeake Bay TMDL watershed implementation plan—Phase II. Richmond, VA: VDEQ.
VDEQ (Virginia Department of Environmental Quality). 2013. BMP standards and specifications [DRAFT]. Richmond, VA: VDEQ.
VDEQ (Virginia Department of Environmental Quality). 2015. Guidance memo no. 15-2005—Chesapeake Bay TMDL action plan guidance. Richmond, VA: VDEQ.
Virginia Senate Finance Committee. 2011. Chesapeake Bay TMDL watershed implementation plan: What will it cost to meet Virginia’s goals. Presentation. Richmond, VA: Senate of Virginia.
Walsh, C. J., A. H. Roy, J. W. Feminella, P. D. Cottingham, P. M. Groffman, and R. P. Morgan. 2005. “The urban stream syndrome: Current knowledge and the search for a cure.” J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 24 (3): 706–723. https://doi.org/10.1899/04-028.1.
Welker, A. L., L. Mandarano, K. Greising, and K. Mastrocola. 2013. “Application of a monitoring plan for storm-water control measures in the Philadelphia region.” J. Environ. Eng. 139 (8): 1108–1118. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000714.
WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation), EWRI (Environmental and Water Resources Institute), USEPA, US DOT, APWA (American Public Works Association), Wright Water Engineers, and Geosyntec Consultants. 2014. “International stormwater BMP database.” Accessed January 1, 2016. http://www.bmpdatabase.org/index.htm.
Wild, T., and A. Davis. 2009. “Simulation of the performance of a storm-water BMP.” J. Environ. Eng. 135 (12): 1257–1267. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000106.
Winston, R. J., J. D. Dorsey, and W. F. Hunt. 2016. “Quantifying volume reduction and peak flow mitigation for three bioretention cells in clay soils in northeast Ohio.” Sci. Total Environ. 553 (May): 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.081.
Winter, T. C. 1981. “Uncertainties in estimating the water balance of lakes.” JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 17 (1): 82–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02593.x.
WVDEP (West Virginia Dept. of Environmental Protection). 2012. “Chapter 3. Best management practice selection and design methodology.” In Stormwater management and design guidance manual, 1–36. Charleston, WV: WVDEP.
Yen, B. C. 1993. “Dimensionally homogeneous manning’s formula.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 118 (9): 1326–1332. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:9(1326).
Yu, S. L., J.-T. Kuo, E. A. Fassman, and H. Pan. 2001. “Field test of grassed-swale performance in removing runoff pollution.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 127 (3): 168–171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:3(168).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 145 • Issue 10 • October 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 2, 2017
Accepted: Mar 13, 2019
Published online: Jul 24, 2019
Published in print: Oct 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Dec 24, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.