Design and Evaluation of a Novel Light-Emitting Diode Photocatalytic Reactor for Water Treatment
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 4
Abstract
In this paper, an ultraviolet light emitting diode–based immobilized photocatalytic reactor was designed, fabricated, and tested for water treatment. The performance of the reactor was evaluated by testing phenoxy pesticides and chlorophenols, and it was optimized by studying the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The effect of operational parameters including light intensity, distance between light emitting diode module and photocatalytic plate, recirculation flow rate, and external electron scavengers on the reactor’s performance were investigated. Furthermore, the performance of immobilized photocatalytic plate (anodized nanotubes) was compared with slurry and hollow glass microspheres coated with anatase . A power law relationship between the light intensity () and first-order kinetics rate constants for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation was observed; a suitable circulation flow rate and the distance between light emitting diode module and photocatalytic plate was determined to achieve good degradation efficiency. Enhanced performance of the reactor was observed when was introduced.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada to conduct this research through support for the RES’EAU WaterNet strategic research network.
References
Al-Ekabi, H., Serpone, N., Pelizzetti, E., Minero, C., Fox, M. A., and Draper, R. B. (1989). “Kinetic studies in heterogeneous photocatalysis. 2: Titania-mediated degradation of 4-chlorophenol alone and in a three-component mixture of 4-chlorophenol, 2, 4-dichlorophenol, and 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenol in air-equilibrated aqueous media.” Langmuir, 5(1), 250–255.
Belgiorno, V., et al. (2007). “Review on endocrine disrupting-emerging compounds in urban wastewater: Occurrence and removal by photocatalysis and ultrasonic irradiation for wastewater reuse.” Desalination, 215(1–3), 166–176.
Chen, D., Li, F., and Ray, A. K. (2001). “External and internal mass transfer effect on photocatalytic degradation.” Catal. Today, 66(2–4), 475–485.
Chiovetta, M. G., Romero, R. L., and Cassano, A. E. (2001). “Modeling of a fluidized-bed photocatalytic reactor for water pollution abatement.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 56(4), 1631–1638.
Djebbar, K., Zertal, A., and Sehili, T. (2006). “Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid in water by using .” Environ. Technol., 27(11), 1191–1197.
D’Oliveira, J. C., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E., and Pichat, P. (1993). “Photodegradation of dichlorophenols and trichlorophenols in aqueous suspensions: Kinetic effects of the positions of the Cl atoms and identification of the intermediates.” J. Photochem. Photobiol., 72(3), 261–267.
Exon, J. H. (1984). “A review of chlorinated phenols.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 26(6), 508–520.
Geng, Q., and Cui, W. (2010). “Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of reactive brilliant red K-2BP by in bubbling fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49(22), 11321–11330.
Ghosh, J. P., Achari, G., and Langford, C. H. (2016). “Design and evaluation of a UV LED photocatalytic reactor using anodized nanotubes.” Water Environ. Res., 88(8), 785–791.
Haarstrick, A., Kut, O. M., and Heinzle, E. (1996). “-assisted degradation of environmentally relevant organic compounds in wastewater using a novel fluidized bed photoreactor.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(3), 817–824.
Health Canada. (2017). “Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality: Summary table.” ⟨https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-sc/ewh-semt/alt_formats/pdf/pubs/water-eau/sum_guide-res_recom/sum_guide-res_recom-eng.pdf⟩ (Aug. 23, 2017).
Herrmann, J. M. (1999). “Heterogeneous photocatalysis: Fundamentals and applications to the removal of various types of aqueous pollutants.” Catal. Today, 53(1), 115–129.
Herrmann, J. M. (2005). “Heterogeneous photocatalysis: State of the art and present applications. In honor of Pr. R.L. Burwell Jr. (1912-2003), Former Head of Ipatieff Laboratories, Northwestern University, Evanston (III).” Top. Catal., 34(1–4), 49–65.
Imoberdorf, G. E., Taghipour, F., Keshmiri, M., and Mohseni, M. (2008). “Predictive radiation field modeling for fluidized bed photocatalytic reactors.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 63(16), 4228–4238.
Izadifard, M., Achari, G., and Langford, C. H. (2013). “Application of photocatalysts and LED light sources in drinking water treatment.” Catalysts, 3(3), 726–743.
Kamrin, M. A. (1997). Pesticide profiles: Toxicity, environmental impact, and fate, CRC Press, New York.
Kanki, T., Hamasaki, S., Sano, N., Toyoda, A., and Hirano, K. (2005). “Water purification in a fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor using -coated ceramic particles.” Chem. Eng. J., 108(1–2), 155–160.
Lee, J. W., Chang, Y. J., Weng, G. J., Lee, C. K., and Huang, Y. C. (2011). “The influence of annealing temperatures on the crystalline and photocatalytic abilities of anodized nanotube arrays.” Adv. Mater. Res., 261–263(1), 623–627.
Li, G., Liu, Z. Q., Lu, J., Wang, L., and Zhang, Z. (2009). “Effect of calcination temperature on the morphology and surface properties of nanotube arrays.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 255(16), 7323–7328.
Malkhasian, A. Y., Izadifard, M., Achari, G., and Langford, C. H. (2014). “Photocatalytic degradation of agricultural antibiotics using a UV-LED light source.” J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part B, 49(1), 35–40.
Miranda-García, N., Suárez, S., Sánchez, B., Coronado, J., Malato, S., and Maldonado, M. I. (2011). “Photocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents using immobilized in a solar pilot plant.” Appl. Catal., B, 103(3–4), 294–301.
Mozia, S. (2010). “Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) in water and wastewater treatment: A review.” Sep. Purif. Technol., 73(2), 71–91.
Natarajan, T. S., Thomas, M., Natarajan, K., Bajaj, H. C., and Tayade, R. J. (2011). “Study on UV- process for degradation of Rhodamine B dye.” Chem. Eng. J., 169(1–3), 126–134.
Ollis, D. F., Pelizzetti, E., and Serpone, N. (1991). “Photocatalyzed destruction of water contaminants.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(9), 1522–1529.
Parsons, S. (2004). Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment, IWA Publishing, London.
Petrovic, M., et al. (2008). “Emerging contaminants in waste waters: Sources and occurrence.” Emerging contaminants from industrial and municipal waste, Springer, Berlin, 1–35.
Pozzo, R. L., Brandi, R. J., Giombi, J. L., Baltanás, M. A., and Cassano, A. E. (2005). “Design of fluidized bed photoreactors: Optical properties of photocatalytic composites of titania CVD-coated onto quartz sand.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 60(10), 2785–2794.
Rachel, A., Subrahmanyam, M., and Boule, P. (2002). “Comparison of photocatalytic efficiencies of in suspended and immobilised form for the photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzenesulfonic acids.” Appl. Catal. B, 37(4), 301–308.
Ray, A. K., and Beenackers, A. A. (1998). “Development of a new photocatalytic reactor for water purification.” Catal. Today, 40(1), 73–83.
Singh, H. K., and Muneer, M. (2004). “Photodegradation of a herbicide derivative, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide.” Res. Chem. Intermediat., 30(3–5), 317–329.
Theurich, J., Lindner, M., and Bahnemann, D. W. (1996). “Photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aerated aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions: A kinetic and mechanistic study.” Langmuir, 12(26), 6368–6376.
Topalov, A., Abramović, B., Molnár-Gábor, D., Csanádi, J., and Arcson, O. (2001). “Photocatalytic oxidation of the herbicide (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) over .” J. Photochem. Photobiol., 140(3), 249–253.
Vaisman, E., Kabir, M., Kantzas, A., and Langford, C. (2005). “A fluidized bed photoreactor exploiting a supported photocatalyst with adsorption pre-concentration capacity.” J. Appl. Electrochem., 35(7–8), 675–681.
Vega, A. A., Imoberdorf, G. E., and Mohseni, M. (2011). “Photocatalytic degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a fluidized bed photoreactor with composite template-free photocatalyst.” Appl. Catal. A, 405(1–2), 120–128.
Wang, J., and Lin, Z. (2009). “Anodic formation of ordered nanotube arrays: Effects of electrolyte temperature and anodization potential.” J. Phys. Chem. C, 113(10), 4026–4030.
Yang, G., Fan, M., and Zhang, G. (2014). “Emerging contaminants in surface waters in China—A short review.” Environ. Res. Lett., 9(7), 074018.
Yu, L., Achari, G., and Langford, C. H. (2013). “LED-based photocatalytic treatment of pesticides and chlorophenols.” J. Environ. Eng., 1146–1151.
Yu, L., Achari, G., and Langford, C. H. (2014). “Design of a homogeneous radiation field in an LED photo-reactor.” J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 9(4), 214–223.
Zertal, A., Molnár-Gábor, D., Malouki, M. A., Sehili, T., and Boule, P. (2004). “Photocatalytic transformation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) on several kinds of .” Appl. Catal. B, 49(2), 83–89.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 30, 2017
Accepted: Oct 10, 2017
Published online: Jan 31, 2018
Published in print: Apr 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jun 30, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.