Resources from Wastes: Benefits and Complexity
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 11
Abstract
The United States produces significant quantities of waste biomass from wastewater treatment, food production, food services, and landscape and wood debris. This waste contains essential resources, including water, carbon, and nutrients. Conversion of carbon to energy and recovery of nutrients and water have the potential to reduce the use of scarce resources, protect the environment, and save funds. Several established, demonstrated technologies that convert wastes to resources are available and are reviewed in this paper. Included are anaerobic digestion, direct combustion, biodiesel production, ethanol production, and particulate phosphorus and organic nitrogen separation using ultrafiltration, ammonia stripping, and reverse osmosis. Thermochemical technologies include pyrolysis, torrefaction, and gasification. Unlike solar, wind, hydrological (dams and pumped storage), and closed-loop geothermal renewable energy technologies, the transportation of biomass can be energy intensive. Therefore, a holistic evaluation of complexity, costs, and benefits of converting wastes to resources is mandatory to ensure a net-positive energy value and environmental protection. Several tools described in this paper are available to aid stakeholders when considering biomass waste-to-resource projects. Many of these tools have long been in practice and have been extensively covered in technical and popular literature. As interest in renewable energy resources increases, new tools are being developed to address the challenges posed by biomass projects. This paper discusses tools that combine waste biomass inventories with a geographic information system mapping platform and cost-benefit analysis that return environmental, economic, and financial assessments of selected feedstocks that can be used in planning, siting, and financing a biomass-to-energy project.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Michigan Energy Office, Project GREEEN, and Consumers Energy for financial support for the development of the inventory and decision support tools. This project was supported in part by the USDA NIFA Hatch Sustaining Rural Infrastructure Project.
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Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 11 • November 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 19, 2016
Accepted: Mar 24, 2017
Published online: Sep 8, 2017
Published in print: Nov 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Feb 8, 2018
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