Effect of Phosphates on the Bioavailability and Phytotoxicity of Pb and Cd in Contaminated Soil and Phytoextraction by Vetiver Grass
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 3
Abstract
Column and vessel experiments were conducted to investigate changes in mobility, leaching, and availability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in contaminated soil (Santo Amaro Municipality, Bahia State, Brazil) after treatment with different sources of phosphate followed by assessment of phytoextraction by vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)]. Columns were filled with contaminated soil and (T1 treatment), reactive natural phosphate fertilizer (NRP) (T2 treatment), mixed with NRP (T3 treatment), and untreated contaminated soil used as reference soil (T0 treatment). After 60 days, soil samples were collected from each column every 10 cm in depth and vessel experiments were initiated by planting vetiver grass. After 90 days, Pb and Cd were extracted from the soil and from the plant tissues using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and nitro-peroxide extraction, respectively. Metal mobility was assessed using two methods: the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the sequential extraction proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). The most effective treatment in reducing mobility, availability, and toxicity was T1 (). With regard to reduction of bioavailability to plants, T1 treatment was more effective for Pb than for Cd. According to the BCR method, Cd was more soluble and had higher mobility than Pb.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research-Soils (Embrapa-Solos) and the Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for their technical and financial support, respectively, to this study. The scholarship given to the first author by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) is also acknowledged.
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Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 143 • Issue 3 • March 2017
Copyright
©2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 4, 2016
Accepted: Jul 12, 2016
Published online: Oct 3, 2016
Published in print: Mar 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Mar 3, 2017
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