Perchlorate Removal Using a Minimized Dosage of Electrodeposited Zero-Valent Iron
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 141, Issue 3
Abstract
This study attempted to develop an effective alternative to remove perchlorate () in water by using electrodeposited zero-valent iron () as an electron donor. Zero-valent iron was prepared on a titanium sheet as substrate through cathodic electrodeposition of ferrous ions in the presence of organic matter. It was observed that the freshly prepared was nearly free of oxides, whereas after reductive removal of , a mixture of iron oxides (γ-) in a crystalline hexagonal plate shape was formed. The reaction rates of removal relied on the dosages of . At pH 6.5, 80.9% of 1 mM was removed in 336 h using 10 mM . This value of electrodeposited dosage for sustaining the effective removal of was at least 90x smaller than the dosages previously reported. The accumulation of chloride ion, which was the only detected product containing chlorine, was detrimental to further reaction. The reduction reaction was faster at neutral pH than at acidic or basic pH. In addition, increasing the temperature and introducing Pd into the electrodeposited to form improved the removal efficiency of .
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (51378494 and 51209539) and One Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
References
Boles, A. R., Conneely, T., McKeever, R., Nixon, P., Nüsslein, K. R., and Ergas, S. J. (2012). “Performance of a pilot-scale packed bed reactor for perchlorate reduction using a sulfur oxidizing bacterial consortium.” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 109(3), 637–646.
Cao, J. S., Elliott, D., and Zhang, W. X. (2005). “Perchlorate reduction by nanoscale iron particles.” J. Nanopart. Res., 7(4–5), 499–506.
Chen, J. L., Al-Abed, S. R., Ryan, J. A., and Li, Z. (2001). “Effects of pH on dechlorination of trichloroethylene by zero-valent iron.” J. Hazard. Mater., 83(3), 243–254.
Chen, S. S., Cheng, C. Y., Li, C. W., Chai, P. H., and Chang, Y. M. (2007). “Reduction of chromate from electroplating wastewater from pH 1 to 2 using fluidized zero valent iron process.” J. Hazard. Mater., 142(1–2), 362–367.
Choe, S., Liljestrand, H. M., and Khim, J. (2004). “Nitrate reduction by zero-valent iron under different pH regimes.” Appl. Geochem., 19(3), 335–342.
Clark, J. J. J. (2000). “Toxicology of perchlorate.” Perchlorate in the environment, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 15–29.
Coates, J. D., Bruce, R. A., and Haddock, J. D. (1998). “Anoxic bioremediation of hydrocarbons.” Nature, 396(6713), 730.
Earley, J. E., Sr., Tofan, D. C., and Amadei, G. A. (2000). “Rapid reduction of perchlorate ion by titanous ions in ethanolic solution.” Perchlorate in the environment, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 89–98.
Gingras, T. M., and Batiata, J. R. (2002). “Biological reduction of perchlorate in ion exchange regenerant solutions containing high salinity and ammonium levels.” J. Environ. Monit., 4(1), 96–101.
Gregory, A. L. (2001). “Effects of alcohols, anionic and nonionic surfactants on the reduction of PCE and TCE by zero-valent iron.” Water Res., 35(6), 1453–1460.
Gu, B., Dong, W., Brown, G. M., and Cole, D. R. (2003). “Complete degradation of perchlorate in ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid under controlled temperature and pressure.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(10), 2291–2295.
Gu, B., Brown, G. M., and Chiang, C. (2007). “Treatment of perchlorate-contaminated groundwater using highly selective, regenerate ion-exchange technologies.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(17), 6277–6282.
He, F., and Zhao, D. (2005). “Preparation and characterization of a new class of starch-stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles for degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 39(9), 3314–3320.
He, F., Zhao, D., Liu, J., and Roberts, C. B. (2007). “Stabilization of Fe-Pd nanoparticles with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for enhanced transport and dechlorination of trichloroethylene in soil and groundwater.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46(1), 29–34.
Huang, H., and Sorial, G. A. (2007) “Perchlorate remediation in aquatic systems by zero valent iron.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 24(7), 917–926.
Im, J. K., Son, H. S., and Zoh, K. D. (2011). “Perchlorate removal in systems: Impact of oxygen availability and UV radiation.” J. Hazard. Mater., 192(2), 457–464.
Jackson, P. E., Laikhtman, M., and Rohrer, J. S. (1999). “Determination of trace level perchlorate in drinking water and ground water by ion chromatography.” J. Chromatogr. A, 850(1–2), 131–135.
Kallen, T. W., and Earley, J. E. (1971). “Reduction of perchlorate ion by aquoruthenium (II).” Inorg. Chem., 10(6), 1152–1155.
Keenan, C. R., Goth-Goldstein, R., Lucas, D., and Sedlak, D. L. (2009). “Oxidative stress induced by zero-valent iron nanoparticles and Fe(II) in human bronchial epithelial cells.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(12), 4555–4560.
King, W. R., and Garner, C. S. (1954). “Kinetics of the oxidation of vanadium (II) and vanadium (III) ions by perchlorate.” J. Chem. Phys., 58(1), 29–33.
Li, T. L., Li, S. J., Li, Y. C., and Jind, Z. H. (2009). “Dechlorination of trichloroethylene in groundwater by nanoscale bimetallic Fe/Pd particles.” J. Water Res. Prot., 1(2), 78–83.
Liu, H., Wang, Q., Wang, C., and Li, X. Z. (2013). “Electron efficiency of zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment.” Chem. Eng. J., 215–216, 90–95.
Liu, J. X., et al. (2008). “Synthesis, characterization and re-activation of a system for the reduction of aqueous Cr (VI).” J. Hazard. Mater., 151(2–3), 761–769.
Liu, J. X., Wang, C., Shi, J. Y., Liu, H., and Tong, Y. X. (2009). “Aqueous Cr (VI) reduction by electrodeposited zero-valent iron at neutral pH: Acceleration by organic matters.” J. Hazard. Mater., 163(1), 370–375.
Moore, A. M., Deleon, C. H., and Young, T. M. (2003). “Rate and extent of aqueous perchlorate removal by iron surfaces.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(14), 3189–3198.
Na, C., Cannon, F. S., and Hagerup, B. (2002). “Perchlorate removal via iron-preloaded GAC and borohydride regeneration.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 94(11), 90–102.
Parette, R., and Cannon, F. S. (2005). “The removal of perchlorate from groundwater by activated carbon tailored with cationic surfactants.” Water Res., 39(16), 4020–4028.
Park, S. H., Batchelor, B., Lee, C., Han, D. S., and Abdel-Wahab, A. (2012). “Perchlorate degradation using aqueous titanium ions produced by oxidative dissolution of zero-valent titanium.” Chem. Eng. J., 192, 301–307.
Puls, R. W., Paul, C. J., and Powell, R. M. (1999). “The application of in situ permeable reactive (zero-valent iron) barrier technology for the remediation of chromate-contaminated groundwater: A field test.” Appl. Geochem., 14(8), 989–1000.
Rikken, G. B., Kroon, A. G. M., and Van Ginkel, C. G. (1996). “Transformation of (per)chlorate into chloride by a newly isolated bacterium: Reduction and dismutation.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 45(3), 420–426.
Renner, R. (2004). “Government watch: Fight over perchlorate risk goes public.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(1), 15A–15A.
Sayles, G. D., You, G., Wang, M., and Kupferle, M. J. (1997). “DDT, DDD and DDE dechlorination by zero-valent iron.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(12), 3448–3454.
Sohn, K., Kang, S. W., Ahn, S., Woo, M., and Yang, S. K. (2006). “Fe (0) nanoparticles for nitrate reduction: Stability, reactivity, and transformation.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(17), 5514–5519.
Srinivasan, R., and Sorial, G. A. (2009). “Treatment of perchlorate in drinking water: A critical review.” Sep. Purif. Technol., 69(1), 7–21.
Srinivasan, R., Sorial, G. A., and Sahle-Demessie, E. (2009). “Removal of perchlorate and chlorate in aquatic systems using integrated technologies.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 26(11), 1661–1671.
Tripp, A. R., and Clifford, D. A. (2006). “Ion exchange for the remediation of perchlorate-contaminated drinking water.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 98(4), 105–114.
Urbansky, E. T. (1998). “Perchlorate chemistry: Implications for analysis and remediation.” Biorem. J., 2(2), 81–95.
Urbansky, E. T. (2002). “Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 9(3), 187–192.
Urbansky, E. T., and Schock, M. R. (1999). “Issues in managing the risks associated with perchlorate in drinking water.” J. Environ. Manage., 56(2), 79–95.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1998a). “A. Announcement of the drinking water contaminant candidate list.” Fed. Regist. Not., 63(40), 10273–10287.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1998b). “Perchlorate environmental contamination: Toxicological review and risk characterization based on emerging information.”, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2005). “A system to track sampling and cleanup results is needed.”.
Wang, C. B., and Zhang, W. X. (1997). “Synthesizing nanoscale iron particles for rapid and complete dechlorination of TCE and PCBs.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(7), 2154–2156.
Wang, C., Huang, Z., Lee, L., and Meng, X. (2010a). “Rapid Ti (III) reduction of perchlorate in the presence of -alanine: Kinetics, pH effect, complex formation, and -alanine effect.” J. Hazard. Mater., 175(1–3), 159–164.
Wang, D. M., Shah, S. I., Chen, J. G., and Huang, C. P. (2008). “Catalytic reduction of perchlorate by H2 gas in dilute aqueous solutions.” Sep. Purif. Technol., 60(1), 14–21.
Wang, X. Y., Ning, P., Liu, H. L., and Ma, J. (2010b). “Dechlorination of chloroacetic acids by Pd/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of drying method on metallic activity and the parameter optimization.” Appl. Catal., B, 94(1–2), 55–63.
Wallace, W., Beshear, S., Williams, D., Hospadar, S., and Owens, M. (1998). “Perchlorate reduction by a mixed culture in an up-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactor.” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20(2), 126–131.
Xiong, Z., Zhao, D., and Pan, G. (2007). “Rapid and complete destruction of perchlorate in water and ion-exchange brine using stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles.” Water Res., 41(15), 3497–3505.
Xu, J., Song, Y., Min, B., Steinberg, L., and Logan, B. E. (2003). “Microbial degradation of perchlorate: Principles and applications.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 20(5), 405–422.
Xu, J. H., Gao, N. Y., Tang, Y. L., Deng, Y., and Sui, M. H. (2010). “Perchlorate removal using granular activated carbon supported iron compounds: Synthesis, characterization and reactivity.” J. Environ. Sci., 22(11), 1807–1813.
Zhang, Z., Wo, J., Cissoko, N., and Xu, X. (2008). “Kinetics of 2, 4-dichlorophenol dechlorination by Pd-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles in the presence of humic acid.” J. Zhejiang. Univ. Sci., A, 9(1), 118–124.
Zhou, H., Wang, S., and Sheng, G. D. (2010). “Catalytic dechlorination and detoxification of 1-(2-chlorophenyl) ethanol by Pd/Fe.” J. Zhejiang. Univ. Sci., A, 11(5), 356–362.
Zhu, B. W., and Lim, T. T. (2007). “Catalytic reduction of chlorobenzenes with Pd/Fe nanoparticles: Reactive sites, catalyst stability, particle aging, and regeneration.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(21), 7523–7529.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 141 • Issue 3 • March 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 24, 2013
Accepted: Jun 12, 2014
Published online: Sep 17, 2014
Discussion open until: Feb 17, 2015
Published in print: Mar 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.