Effects of on the Removal of Fluoride from Wastewater by Calcite
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 8
Abstract
Free-drift batch reactor experiments using calcite (limestone, ) were used to study fluoride removal through precipitation as fluorite () from solutions with concentrations reflective of an industrially contaminated site. The influence of partial pressure (), stirring rate, and fluoride concentration were investigated in this paper. Equilibrium modeling shows that in wastewaters with high fluoride concentrations (), the flux of to could not keep up with the consumption of , resulting in an initial disequilibrium with experimental pH reaching equilibrium quickly, while fluoride removal lagged. Increasing stirring rate significantly decreased the extent of disequilibrium and the time at which the -fluoride- system attained equilibrium due to the increased rate of transport of dissolved to the surface, and simultaneously the rate of transport of the dissolved to the bulk solution. Optimal fluoride removal occurs at [30% (mol% )] with 96% of the initial fluoride load removed in less than 80 min with a stirring rate of 300 revolutions per minute. Increasing to (100% ) resulted in very little gain, less than 2%, in fluoride removal, or in the time required to reach equilibrium and therefore significant remediation cost savings can be obtained by using 30% when compared to 100%.
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Acknowledgments
This research was funded by Australian Research Council Linkage Grant LP100200488 in conjunction with Hydro Aluminium Kurri Kurri, New South Wales, Australia. The authors’ thanks go to Ben Henley of the University of Newcastle for his work as a research assistant on this project.
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© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Aug 3, 2012
Accepted: Mar 8, 2013
Published online: Mar 11, 2013
Published in print: Aug 1, 2013
Discussion open until: Aug 11, 2013
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