Impact of Infrastructure Coating Materials on Storm-Water Quality: Review and Experimental Study
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 5
Abstract
A literature review and 30-day leaching regime were conducted to determine the extent storm-water infrastructure coatings affect water quality. Newly installed polymer-enhanced cement mortar (PECM) and polyurea (PEUU) storm-water pipe coatings were removed from the field and underwent 10 three-day water immersion periods. For both materials, the greatest water quality alterations occurred during the first water contact period, followed by significant reductions in water quality alterations. Mineral release from PECM consistently elevated pH from 7.1 to 10.1–11.8 throughout the entire study. Organic contaminant release [total organic carbon (TOC) and ] was also detected for PECM during the first two water contact periods only. Alkalinity increased by as because of the first contact period and as for each remaining periods. Isocyanate resin from PEUU reacted with water and reduced water pH by 1.0 to 1.2 pH units during the early contact periods and lesser magnitude for the remaining exposure period. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), TOC, and results showed that organic contaminants were released from PEUU. A limited quantity of organic contaminants released by PEUU was biodegradable. Nitrogen compounds were detected only during the first PEUU water contact period.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Sincere thanks are extended to the manuscript’s anonymous peer reviewers for their insightful and greatly appreciative recommendations. Appreciation is also extended to Ms. Laura Linn at Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama for conducting TOC analyses. Specimens were provided by the Virginia Department of Transportation. Ms. Eddy Colmenarez at the University of South Alabama is also thanked for helping with several water quality measurements. Dr. Kevin White (University of South Alabama) and Ms. Suzanne Lindblom, Mr. Mike Simms, and Mr. Les Brown (Mobile Area Water and Sewer System) are greatly acknowledged for their guidance on BOD testing and seed acquisition.
References
Alben, K., Bruchet, A., and Shpirt, E. (1989). Leachate from organic coating materials used in potable water distribution systems, American Water Works Research Foundation, Denver.
American National Standards Institute/National Sanitation Foundation International (ANSI/NSFI). (2007). “Drinking water system components—Health effects.” Standard 61, Ann Arbor, MI.
American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), Water Environment Federation (WEF). (2000). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd Ed., American Public Health Association (APHA), Baltimore, MD.
American Water Works Association (AWWA). (2000). “Cement–mortar lining of water pipelines in place—4 in. (100 mm) and larger.” Standard C602–00, Denver.
American Water Works Association (AWWA). (2007a). “Liquid–epoxy coating systems for the interior and exterior of steel water pipelines.” Standard C210–07, Denver.
American Water Works Association (AWWA). (2007b). “Spray–applied in–place epoxy lining of water pipelines, 3 in. (75 mm) and larger.” Standard C620–07, Denver.
American Water Works Association (AWWA). (2008). “Polyurethane coatings for the interior and exterior of steel water pipe and fittings.” Standard C222–08, Denver.
Ariaratnam, S. T. (1998). “Canadian initiatives in trenchless technology.” Can. Civ. Eng., 15(15), 11–12.
ARLnow.com. (2010). “Sewer work prompts numerous fire department calls.” 〈http://www.arlnow.com/2010/11/23/sewer-work-prompts-numerous-fire-department-calls/〉 (Oct. 1, 2011).
Bae, B., Jeong, J. H., and Lee, S. J. (2002). “The quantification and characterization of endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A leaching from epoxy resin.” Water Sci. Technol., 46(11–12), 381–387.
Banks, M. (2010). “Sewer project blamed for Helena building evacuation.” KPAX–Missoula, Missoula, MT, Jan. 12 〈http://www.kpax.com/news/sewer-project-blamed-for-helena-building-evacuation/〉 (Oct. 1, 2011).
Banovic, J. (2011). “Birmingham Seaholm High School dismissed students early due to noxious gas in school.” WXYZ-TV Channel 7, Southfield, MI, Oct. 6.
Bauer, G. (2012). “Styrene: An overview—An awareness.” Presentation for the Underground Infrastructure Research Int. Conf. and Trenchless Technology Road Show, Center for Advancing Trenchless Technology, Waterloo, ON.
Bauer, G., and McCartney, D. (2004). “Odour control—More than sewage when installing cured–in–place sewer pipe.” Proc., North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) NO–DIG Conf. Paper D–3–02, North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT), Liverpool, NY, 1–10.
Berend, K., and Trouwborst, T. (1999). “Cement–mortar pipes as a source of aluminum.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 91(7), 91–100.
Brier, M. V. (2010). “NASSCO creates cured–in–place–pipeline (CIPP) committee.” Press Release, National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO), Owings Mill, MD.
Brochhagen, F. K., and Grieveson, B. M. (1984). “Environmental aspects of isocyanates in water and soil.” Cell. Polym., 3(1), 11–17.
Burkhard, M. (2008). Styrene & CIPP: Quality control measures to mitigate environmental risk, Reline America, Inc., Saltville, VA.
Castro, E. A., Moodie, R. B., and Sansom, P. J. (1985). “Ecotoxicity of diisocyanates with special reference to controlled exposure of humans.” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 61(8), 495–501.
Christensson, F., Koefoed, H. C. S., Petersen, A. C., and Rasmussen, K. (1978). “Equilibrium constants in the ammonium carbonate–carbaminate system, the acid dissociation constant of carbamic acid.” Acta Chem. Scand., 32(1), 15–17.
Colucci, M., Epstein, P., and Bartley, B. (1993). A comparison of metal and organic concentrations in cement and clinker made with fossil fuels to cement and clinker made with waste derived fuels, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Conroy, P. J., Hughes, D. M., and Wilson, I. (1995). Demonstration of an innovative water main rehabilitation technique: In situ epoxy lining, Water Research Foundation, Denver.
Cooney, B., Javed, A., and Najafi, F. T. (2011). “State-of-the-art literature review on in-situ pipe repairs and durability.” Proc., 90th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Crathorne, B., James, C. P., and Norries, M. (1990). “Effect of distribution on organic contaminants in potable water.”, WRc Environment, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK.
Crathorne, B., and Warren, I. C. (1986). “The effect of material and process developments on the leaching of specific organics from epoxy lined water mains.”, WRc Environment, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK.
Dayal, P. (2011). “Worcester day care center evacuated.” Worcester Telegram and Gazette, Oct. 28.
Deb, A., McCammon, S. B., Snyder, J., and Dietrich, A. (2010). Impacts of lining materials on water quality, Water Research Foundation, Denver.
Donaldson, B. M. (2009). “The Environmental implications of cured–in–place–pipe rehabilitation technology.” Transportation Research Record 2123, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 172–179.
Donaldson, B. M., and Baker, A. (2008). “The environmental implications of cured-in-place pipe rehabilitation technology.”, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA.
Doran, E. (2012). “Fayetteville resident worries sewer repairs are exposing residents to toxic chemicals; Village says work is safe.” The Post-Standard, Mar. 1.
Douglas, B. D., and Merrill, D. T. (1991). Control of water quality deterioration caused by corrosion of cement–mortar pipe linings, Water Research Foundation, Denver.
Douglas, B. D., and Merrill, D. T. (1993). “Control of water quality deterioration caused by corrosion of cement–mortar pipe linings.” Proc., AWWA Distribution System Symp., American Water Works Association, Denver.
Douglas, B. D., Merrill, D. T., and Catlin, J. O. (1996). “Water quality deterioration from corrosion of cement–mortar linings.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(7), 99–107.
Ellison, D., et al. (2010). Global review of spray–on structural lining technologies, Water Research Foundation, Denver.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research, and Development. (2009). “Rehabilitation of wastewater collection and water distribution systems, state of the technology review report.”, Cincinnati.
Fitch, G. M. (2003). “Minimizing the impact on water quality on placing grout underwater to repair bridge scour damage.”, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA.
Germaneau, B., Bollotte, B., and Defosse, C. (1993). “Leaching of heavy metals by mortar bars in contact with drinking and deionized water.” Proc., Symp. on Cement and Concrete in the Global Environment, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Gerrits, L. (2007). “Toxins dumped in Como Creek.” 〈http://www.tricitynews.com/〉 (Oct. 1, 2011).
Gilbert, D. S. (1988). “Fate of TDI and MDI in air, soil, and water.” J. Cell. Plast., 24(2), 178–192.
Gove, D. B., Oram, P., and Mahoney, D. H., Jr. (2002). “Relining vinyl lined AC pipe with rapid–setting polymeric lining to control PCE leaching.” J. N. Engl. Water Works Assoc., 116(2), 129–140.
Gove, D. B., Jr., Oram, P., and Mahoney, D. H. (2003). “Relining vinyl lined AC water mains to prevent PCE leaching—Sandwich, MA.” Proc., AWWA Annual Conf. and Exposition, American Water Works Association, Denver.
Gowen, A. (2004). “Fumes from Va. sewer work cited in illnesses: Alexandria officials reevaluating effects of styrene vapor on residents.” Washington Post, May 12, B08.
Griffin, J. (2008). “Virginia DOT lifts CIPP ban.” Underground Constr., 63(6), 44.
Groundwater and Environmental Services, Inc. (GESI). (2004). “45-day spill report, mobil service stations.” Letter to Mr. J. Aceto, Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT.
Guo, Q. (1997). “Increases of lead and chromium in drinking water from using cement–mortar–lined pipes: Initial modeling and assessment.” J. Hazard. Mater., 56(1–2), 18l–213.
Guo, Q., and Toomuluri, P. J., and Eckert, J. O., Jr. (1998). “Leachability of regulated metals from cement–mortar linings.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90(3), 62–73.
Hayes, L., and Biedka, C. (2011). “Bad smell keeps New Kensington-Arnold students out of doors.” Valley News Dispatch, Sep. 29.
Hegarty, A. F., Hegarty, C. N., and Scott, F. L. (1975). “The reactivity of phenyl isocyanate in aqueous solution.” J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 11, 1166–1171.
Heim, T., and Dietrich, A. M. (2007). “Sensory aspects of drinking water in contact with epoxy lined copper pipe.” Water Sci. Technol., 55(5), 161–168.
Heimbach, F., Jaeger, K., and Sporenberg, W. (1996). “Fate and biological effects of polymeric MDI in small artificial ponds.” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 33(2), 143–153.
Henry, C. (2008). Discharges from cured in place pipe (CIPP) installations, Central Contra Costa Sanitary District Experience, Central Contra Costa Sanitary District Experience, Martinez, CA.
Henze, H. (2008). Biological wastewater treatment: Principles, modeling and design, Cambridge University Press, London.
Hoffstadt, F. A. (2000.) “Cured–in–place pipe structures in infrastructure rehabilitation.” Proc., 45th Int. Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE) Symp., SAMPE Publishing, Covina, CA.
Hollingshead, T., and Tullis, B. P. (2009). “In–situ culvert rehabilitation: Synthesis study and field evaluation.”, Prepared for Utah Dept. of Transportation Research Division, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Salt Lake City, UT.
Jackson, P. J., Warren, I. C., and James, H. A. (2007). “The long term migration of substances from in–situ applied epoxy resin coatings.”, WRc–NSF Ltd., Prepared for Drinking Water Inspectorate, Reading, UK.
Kampbell, E. (2009). “Understanding environmental implications of CIPP rehab technology.” Underground Constr., 64(4).
Kanare, H. M., and West, P. B. (1993). “Leachability of selected chemical elements from concrete.” Proc., Symp. on Cement and Concrete in the Global Environment, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Kanchwala, M. Z. (2010). “Testing and design life modeling of polyurea liners for potable water pipes.” M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX.
Lee, R. K. (2008). “Risks associated with CIPP lining of storm water pipes and the release of styrene.” Proc., NASTT NO–DIG Conf, North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT), Liverpool, NY.
Lockheed Martin Energy Systems. (2007). “Fish kill resulting from styrene resin spill.” Lessons Learned Database, 〈http://www.hss.energy.gov/csa/analysis/II/〉 (Jun. 12, 2007).
Loendorf, T., and Waters, D. (2009). Styrene removal adds to the challenges of rehabilitating sewer pipeline in Reno, Nevada.” Proc., NASTT NO–DIG Conf, North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT), Liverpool, NY.
Lysiak, M. (2007). “DEP dumps pine deodorizer to cover smell from Brooklyn pipe project.” New York Daily News, Dec. 3.
Marohn, K. (2011a). “Hazardous material sits since October.” St. Cloud Times, Mar. 13, A-1.
Marohn, K. (2011b). “Cleanup to begin at site of October resin accident.” St. Cloud Times, Mar. 31, A-1.
Marohn, K. (2011c). “Cleanup work on months-old resin spill is underway.” St. Cloud Times, Apr. 8, A-1.
Missouri Department of Transportation (MODOT). (2008). “Effectiveness of metal and concrete pipe currently installed in Missouri—Phase 2.”, Jefferson City, MO.
Modayil, S., Tan, S., Seargeant, D., Gammie, L., and Yu, T. (2002). “Testing and evaluation of lining materials for drinking water pipeline rehabilitation.” Proc., AWWA Water Quality Technology Conf., American Water Works Association, Denver.
Moore, L. A. (2008). “Toxic release prompts Allston residents to question risks of Harvard construction—Residents say that they are concerned about future accidents from construction as Harvard builds massive new campus.” The Harvard Crimson, Aug. 13.
National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO). (2008). Guideline for the use and handling of styrenated resins in cured–in–place–pipe, Owing Mills, MD.
Oram, P. (2004). “Spray applied linings for water main rehabilitation good or bad?” Proc., NASTT NO–DIG Conf, North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT), Liverpool, NY.
Piehl, R. (2005). Summary of trenchless technology for use with USDA Forest Service culverts, Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center, San Dimas, CA.
Rigal, S., and Danjou, J. (1999). “Tastes and odors in drinking water distribution systems related to the use of synthetic materials.” Water Sci. Technol., 40(6), 203–208.
Romero, J., Ventura, F., and Gomez, M. (2002). “Characterization of paint samples used in drinking water reservoirs: Identification of endocrine disruptor compounds.” J. Chromatogr. Sci., 40(4), 191–197.
Saewitz, M. (2001). “Recipe for leaky pipe: Felt, resin, hot water.” St. Petersburg Times, May 13.
Salem, S., and Najafi, M. (2008). “Use of trenchless technologies for comprehensive asset management of culverts and drainage structures.” Project 07–15, Midwest Regional Univ. Transportation Center (MRUTC), College of Engineering, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI.
Satchwill, T. (2002). The impact of pipe coatings on drinking water quality, Alberta Water and Wastewater Operators Association, Alberta, Canada.
Saunders, J. H., and Frisch, K. C. (1962). High polymers volume XVI part 1, polyurethanes: Chemistry and technology—Part 1–Chemistry, Interscience Publishers, New York.
Shkapenko, G., Gmitter, G. T., and Gruber, E. E. (1960). “Mechanism of the water–isocyanate reaction.” J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 52(7), 605–608.
Snyder, N. M. (2004). “The capabilities of cured-in-place sewer pipe rehabilitation under difficult conditions.” Proc., NASTT No–Dig Conf., Paper F–3–02, Liverpool, NY, 1–9.
Sterner, O. (2010). Chemistry, health, and the environment, Wiley–VCH Verlag GmBH, Weinheim, Germany, 63.
Sullo, A. (2012). “King Street sewer rehab and water quality impacts.” Underground Infrastructure Research Int. Conf. and Trenchless Technology Road Show, Center for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies, Waterloo, ON.
Tempesta, M. (2011). “Saugus School to be open today.” Daily Item, Oct. 27.
Transportation Research Board (TRB). (2002). NCHRP SYNTHESIS 303: Assessment and rehabilitation of existing culverts, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.
Tullis, B. P., Hollingshead, T., and Burns, K. (2010). “In–situ culvert rehabilitation: Synthesis study and field evaluation.” Proc., Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Washington State Department of Ecology (WSDOE). (2010). “Contractor fined for Bellevue chemical spill; warning issued to transportation agency.” Press Release, Olympia, WA.
Wicks, Z. W., Jr., Jones, F. N., Pappas, S. P., and Wicks, D. A. (2007). Organic coatings: Science and technology, 3rd Ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Wills, J. (2007). “Drain repairs cause a stink.” Somerset County Gazette, Dec. 11.
WPXI-TV. (2009). “Strong-smelling styrene forces Avalon apartment bldg. evacuation.” Pittsburgh.
Yakabe, Y., Henderson, K. M., Thompson, W. C., Pemberton, D., Tury, B., and Bailey, R. E. (1999). “Fate of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate in the aquatic environment.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(15), 2579–2583.
Yuskus, L. R. (1984). “Reducing trichloroethylene in vinyl–lined asbestos–cement pipes through cement–mortar linings.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 2, 76–81.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 5 • May 2013
Pages: 746 - 756
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 2, 2012
Accepted: Sep 27, 2012
Published online: Sep 29, 2012
Published in print: May 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.