CCA-Treated Wood Waste Remediation Process Optimization with Successive Recirculation Loops Study
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 138, Issue 2
Abstract
This study aims to improve a decontamination process developed for chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood waste. This process included metal extraction from the wood by a sulphuric acid-leaching step, and the treatment of metal-loaded leachate by precipitation with ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide. This study showed that sodium hydroxide can be advantageously replaced by calcium hydroxide to enhance performance ( metal precipitation above pH 6.5 with and above pH 7 with NaOH) and lower chemical costs [US$30.8/ton of treated wood (TTW) with instead of US$50.83TTW with NaOH]; however sludge production and sludge disposal cost were higher when using for precipitation. Moreover, this study investigated the possibility of recycling the final process effluent obtained after metallic sludge separation. This effluent was successively reused in the process for the leaching step. Five recycling loops comprised of one leaching step, one precipitation step of the leachate with , and three rinsing steps were conducted. Arsenic removal from the wood varied from 96 to 98%, chromium removal from 91 to 93% and copper removal from 95 to 96%. Metal removal stayed relatively stable along the five loops, meaning that process water recycling did not influence metal extraction. Leachate treatment with calcium hydroxide and ferric chloride was efficient and allowed, beside metals precipitation, DOC and sulfate partial removal. This avoided fast accumulation of these compounds in the system.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Sincere thanks are extended to the Canada Research Chairs and to the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for their financial contribution to this study.
References
Al-Tarazi, M., Heesink, A. B. M., and Versteeg, G. F. (2004). “Precipitation of metal sulphides using gaseous hydrogen sulphide: mathematical modelling.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(3), 567–579.
American Public Health Association (APHA). (1999). Standards Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewaters, 20th Ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Baltpurvins, K. A., Burns, R. C., and Lawrance, G. A. (1996). “Use of the solubility domain approach for the modeling of the hydroxide precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(5), 1493–1499.
Banegas, V., Moreno, J. L., Moreno, J. I., García, C., León, G., and Hernández, T. (2007). “Composting anaerobic and aerobic sewage sludges using two proportions of sawdust.” Waste Manage., 27(10), 1317–1327.
Blais, J. F., Djedidi, Z., Ben Cheikh, R., Tyagi, R. D., and Mercier, G. (2008). “Metals precipitation from effluents—A review.” Practice Periodical Toxic Hazard. Radioactive Waste Manage., 12(3), 135–149.
Brooks, C. S. (1986). “Metal recovery from industrial wastes.” J. Met., 38(July), 50–57.
Charerntanyarak, L. (1999). “Heavy metals removal by chemical coagulation and precipitation.” Water Sci. Technol., 39(10–11), 135–138.
Christensen, I. V., Pedersen, A. J., Ottosen, L. M., and Ribeiro, A. B. (2006). “Electrodialytic remediation of CCA-treated waste wood in a pilot plant.” Sci. Total Environ., 364(1–3), 45–54.
Cooper, P. A. (2003). “A review of issues and technical options for managing spent CCA-treated wood.” AWPA Annual Meeting, American Wood Protection Agency, Shelby County, AL.
Duff, S. J. B., and Murray, W. D. (1996). “Bioconversion of forest products industry waste cellulosics to fuel ethanol: A review.” Bioresource Technol., 55(1), 1–33.
Dyer, J. A., Scrivner, N. C., and Dentel, S. K. (1998). “A practical guide for determining the solubility of metal hydroxides and oxides in water.” Environ. Prog., 17(1), 1–8.
Hahn-Hägerdal, B., Galbe, M., Gorwa-Grauslund, M. F., Lidén, G., and Zacchi, G. (2006). “Bioethanol—The fuel of tomorrow from the residues of today.” Trends Biotechnol., 24(12), 549–556.
Hayes, P. C. (1985). Process selection in extractive metallurgy, Hayes Publishing, Brisbane, Australia.
Henke, K. R., Hutchinson, A. R., Krepps, M. K., and Atwood, D. A. (2001). “The chemistry of 2,4,6-trimercapto-1,3,5-triazine (TMT): Acid dissolution constants and group 2 complexes.” Inorg. Chem., 40(17), 4443–4447.
Jambeck, J., Weitz, K., Solo-Gabriele, H., Townsend, T., and Thorneloe, S. (2007). “CCA-treated wood disposed in landfills and life-cycle trade-offs with waste-to-energy and MSW landfill disposal: Life cycle assessment in waste management.” Waste Manage., 27(8), S21–S28.
Janin, A., Blais, J. F., Drogui, P., Zaviska, F., and Mercier, G. (2009a). “Selective recovery of metals in leachate from chromated copper arsenate waste using electrochemical technology and chemical precipitation.” Hydrometallurgy, 96(4), 318–326.
Janin, A., Blais, J. F., Mercier, G., and Drogui, P. (2009b). “Optimization of a chemical leaching process for decontamination of CCA-treated wood waste.” J. Hazard. Mater., 169(1–3), 136–145.
Jiang, J. Q. (2001). “Removing arsenic from groundwater for the developing world—A review.” Water Sci. Technol., 44(6), 89–98.
Kakitani, T., Hata, T., Katsumata, N., Kajimoto, T., Koyanaka, H., and Imamura, Y. (2007). “Chelating extraction for removal of chromium, copper, and arsenic from treated wood with bioxalate.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 24(8), 1026–1037.
Kartal, N. S., Munir, E., Kakitani, T., and Imamura, Y. (2004). “Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood by brown-rot fungi fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulfurous.” J. Wood Sci., 50(2), 182–188.
Kazi, F. K. M., and Cooper, P. A. (2006). “Method to recover and reuse chromated copper arsenate wood preservative from spent treated wood.” Waste Manage., 26(2), 182–188.
Kurniawan, T. A., Chan, G. Y. S., Lo, W. H., and Babel, S. (2006). “Comparisons of low-cost adsorbents for treating wastewaters laden with heavy metals.” Sci. Total Environ., 366(2–3), 409–426.
Leist, M., Casey, R. J., and Caridi, D. (2000). “The management of arsenic wastes: Problems and prospects.” J. Hazard. Mater., 76(1), 125–138.
Levasseur, B., Blais, J. F., and Mercier, G. (2005). “Study of the metal precipitation from decontamination leachates of municipal wastes fly ash incinerators.” Environ. Technol., 26(4), 421–431.
Magalhaes, M. C. F. (2002). “Arsenic. An environmental problem limited by solubility.” Pure Appl. Chem., 74(10), 1843–1850.
Matlock, M. M., Henke, K. R., and Atwood, D. A. (2002). “Effectiveness of commercial reagents for heavy metal removal from water with new insights for future chelate designs.” J. Hazard. Mater., 92(2), 129–142.
McAnally, S., Benefield, L., and Reed, R. B. (1984). “Nickel removal from a synthetic nickel-plating waste water using sulphide and carbonate for precipitation and coprecipitation.” Sep. Sci. Technol., 19, 191–217.
Meunier, N., Blais, J. F., Lounes, M., Tyagi, R. D., and Sasseville, J. L. (2002). “Different options for metal recovery after sludge decontamination at the Montreal Urban Community wastewater treatment plant.” Water Sci. Technol., 46(10), 33–41.
Meunier, N., Drogui, P., Montane, C., Hausler, R., Mercier, G., and Blais, J. F. (2006). “Comparison between electrocoagulation and chemical precipitation for metals removal from acidic soil leachate.” J. Hazard. Mater., 137(1), 581–590.
Mirbagheri, S. A., and Hosseini, S. N. (2004). “Pilot plant investigation on petrochemical wastewater treatment for the removal of copper and chromium with the objective of reuse.” Desalination, 171(1), 85–93.
Naeem, A., Mustafa, S., Dilara, B., Rehana, N., and Murtaza, S. (2003). “Effect of precipitation on the sorption of metal cations by .” J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan, 25(2), 98–103.
Pigaga, A., Juskenas, R., and Selkis, A. (2002). “Waste treatment of two electroplating solutions of Cu and Zn by mixing and precipitation.” Sep. Sci. Technol., 37(13), 3155–3168.
Prasad, S., Singh, A., and Joshi, H. C. (2007). “Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues.” Resour., Conserv. Recycl., 50(1), 1–39.
Shupe, T. F., and Hse, C. (2006). “Recycling of preservative treated wood using chemical extraction technologies.” Environmental impacts of treated wood, T. G. Townsend and H. Solo-Gabriele, eds., CRC/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 383–400.
Song, S., Lopez-Valdivieso, A., Hernandez-Campos, D. J., Peng, C., Monroy-Fernandez, M. G., and Razo-Soto, I. (2006). “Arsenic removal from high-arsenic water by enhanced coagulation with ferric ions and coarse calcite.” Water Res., 40(2), 364–372.
Sun, J., and Huang, J. C. (2002). “Co-removal of hexavalent chromium during copper precipitation.” Water Sci. Technol., 46(4–5), 413–419.
Townsend, T., Dubey, B., Tolaymat, T., and Solo-Gabriele, H. (2005). “Preservative leaching from weathered CCA-treated wood.” J. Environ. Manage., 75(2), 105–113.
Townsend, T. G., Solo-Gabriele, H., Tolaymat, T., and Stook, K. (2003). “Impact of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in wood mulch.” Sci. Total Environ., 309(1–3), 173–185.
USEPA. (1992). “Mercury and arsenic wastes. Removal, recovery, treatment, and disposal.” Pollution Technology Review No. 214, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 127.
Viadero, R. C., Wei, X. C., and Buzby, K. M. (2006). “Characterization and dewatering evaluation of acid mine drainage sludge from ammonia neutralization.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 23(4), 734–743.
Veeken, A. H. M., and Rulkens, W. H. (2003). “Innovative developments in the selective removal and reuse of heavy metals from wastewaters.” Water Sci. Technol., 47(10), 9–16.
Zagury, G. J., Dobran, S., Estrela, S., and Deschênes, L. (2008). “Arsenic speciation in soil and groundwater near in-service CCA-treated utility poles.” Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 27(4), 799–807.
Zinck, J. M., and Aubé, B. C. (2000). “Optimisation of lime treatment processes.” CIM bulletin, 93(1043), 98–105.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 138 • Issue 2 • February 2012
Pages: 200 - 207
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 7, 2010
Accepted: Jul 28, 2011
Published online: Jul 30, 2011
Published in print: Feb 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.