Model to Quantify Removal and Inactivation of Microorganisms Occluded in Effluent Wastewater Particles Using Filtration and Disinfection Systems
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 136, Issue 10
Abstract
A model is presented to quantify microbial occlusion in effluent particles and improve understanding of the removal and inactivation of occluded microorganisms in filtration and disinfection systems. Microbial occlusion in particles is described in the model as a function of the particle size distribution, the microbial density , which is the average quantity of target microorganisms within the subset of particles that contain microorganisms, and the frequency of association , which is the ratio of particles that contain at least one target microorganism. To demonstrate the model, undisinfected secondary effluent samples were collected from an extended aeration treatment facility and analyzed to determine values for the model variables, and for heterotrophic bacteria and aerobic endospores and for total coliform bacteria. Heterotrophic bacteria were present in most effluent particles (73–100%) at high densities (7–93 per particle), whereas aerobic endospores and total coliform bacteria were only present in a small percentage of effluent particles (0.1–6%) and the density of aerobic endospores in effluent particles was not appreciably higher than one per particle.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Water Environment Research Foundation, Project No. UNSPECIFIED04-HHE-5. All opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are entirely those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agency.
References
Alam, M. Z. B., Luxmy, B. S., Katayama, H., and Ohgaki, S. (2003). “Detecting the viability of particle associated bacteria after UV-radiation: A molecular biological approach.” J. Water Environ. Technol., 1(1), 119–124.
American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st Ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Berman, D., Rice, E. W., and Hoff, J. C. (1988). “Inactivation of particle-associated coliforms by chlorine and monochloramine.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54(2), 507–512.
Bitton, G. (2005). Wastewater microbiology, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Borst, M., and Selvakumar, A. (2003). “Particle-associated microorganisms in stormwater runoff.” Water Res., 37(1), 215–223.
Camper, A. K., Lechevallier, M. W., Broadaway, S. C., and McFeters, G. A. (1985). “Evaluation of procedures to desorb bacteria from granular activated carbon.” J. Microbiol. Methods, 3(3–4), 187–198.
Caron, E., Cheurefils, G., Barbeau, B., Payment, P., and Prevost, M. (2007). “Impact of microparticles on UV disinfection of indigenous aerobic spores.” Water Res., 41(19), 4546–4556.
Chang, J. C. H., et al. (1985). “UV inactivation of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(6), 1361–1365.
da Silva, A. K., Le Guyader, F. S., Le Saux, J. C., Pommepuy, M., Montgomery, M. A., and Elimelech, M. (2008). “Norovirus removal and particle association in a waste stabilization pond.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(24), 9151–9157.
Dietrich, J. P., Loge, F. J., Ginn, T. R., and Basagaoglu, H. (2007). “Inactivation of particle-associated microorganisms in wastewater disinfection: Modeling of ozone and chlorine reactive diffusive transport in polydispersed suspensions.” Water Res., 41(10), 2189–2201.
Emerick, R. W., Loge, F. J., Thompson, D., and Darby, J. L. (1999). “Factors influencing ultraviolet disinfection performance. Part II: Association of coliform bacteria with wastewater particles.” Water Environ. Res., 71(6), 1178–1187.
Gerba, C. P., Stagg, C. H., and Abadie, M. G. (1978). “Characterization of sewage solid-associated viruses and behavior in natural waters.” Water Res., 12(10), 805–812.
Hejkal, T. W., Wellings, F. M., Larock, P. A., and Lewis, A. L. (1979). “Survival of poliovirus within organic solids during chlorination.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 38(1), 114–118.
Hejkal, T. W., Wellings, F. M., Lewis, A. L., and LaRock, P. A. (1981). “Distribution of viruses associated with particles in wastewater.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 41(3), 628–634.
Li, D., Craik, S. A., Smith, D. W., and Belosevic, M. (2009). “The assessment of particle association and UV disinfection of wastewater using indigenous spore-forming bacteria.” Water Res., 43(2), 481–489.
Loge, F. J., Bourgeous, K., Emerick, R. W., and Darby, J. L. (2001). “Variations in wastewater quality parameters influencing UV disinfection performance: Relative impact of filtration.” J. Environ. Eng., 127(9), 832–837.
Loge, F. J., Emerick, R. W., Ginn, T. R., and Darby, J. L. (2002). “Association of coliform, bacteria with wastewater particles: Impact of operational parameters of the activated sludge process.” Water Res., 36(1), 41–48.
Loge, F. J., Emerick, R. W., Thompson, D. E., Nelson, D. C., and Darby, J. L. (1999). “Development of a fluorescent 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe specific to the family Enterobacteriaceae.” Water Environ. Res., 71(1), 75–83.
Madge, B. A., and Jensen, J. N. (2006). “Ultraviolet disinfection of fecal coliform in municipal wastewater: Effects of particle size.” Water Environ. Res., 78(3), 294–304.
Mamane, H., and Linden, K. G. (2006). “Impact of particle aggregated microbes on UV disinfection: Evaluation of spore-clay aggregates and suspended spores.” J. Environ. Eng., 132(6), 596–606.
Narkis, N., Armon, R., Offer, R., Orshansky, F., and Friedland, E. (1995). “Effect of suspended-solids on wastewater disinfection efficiency by chlorine dioxide.” Water Res., 29(1), 227–236.
Ormeci, B., and Linden, K. G. (2002). “Comparison of UV and chlorine inactivation of particle and non-particle associated coliform.” Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 2(5–6), 403–410.
Ormeci, B., and Linden, K. G. (2005). “Comparison of physical and chemical methods for extraction of coliform from wastewater particles and flocs.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 22(4), 459–471.
Parker, J. A., and Darby, J. L. (1995). “Particle-associated coliform in secondary effluents—Shielding from ultraviolet light disinfection.” Water Environ. Res., 67(7), 1065–1075.
Plancherel, Y., and Cowen, J. P. (2007). “Towards measuring particle-associated fecal indicator bacteria in tropical streams.” Water Res., 41, 1501–1515.
Rice, E. W., Fox, K. R., Miltner, R. J., Lytle, D. A., and Johnson, C. M. (1996). “Evaluating plant performance with endospores.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(9), 122–130.
Rose, J. B., et al. (2004). “Reduction of pathogens, indicator bacteria, and alternative indicators by wastewater treatment and reclamation processes.” WERF, Project No. 00-PUM-2T, Alexandria, VA.
Templeton, M. R., Andrews, R. C., and Hofmann, R. (2005). “Inactivation of particle-associated viral surrogates by ultraviolet light.” Water Res., 39(15), 3487–3500.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2006). “Ultraviolet disinfection guidance manual for the final long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule.” EPA 815-R-06-007, Washington D.C.
Wellings, F. M., Lewis, A. L., and Mountain, C. W. (1976). “Demonstration of solids-associated viruses in wastewater and sludge.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31(3), 354–358.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Nov 14, 2009
Accepted: Feb 3, 2010
Published online: Feb 8, 2010
Published in print: Oct 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.