Bulk Adhesion of Ice to Concrete: Review of Test Programs
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 3
Abstract
Damage of concrete in a marine environment by ice can result in significant degradation of a structure, leading to increased maintenance costs, decreased structural resistance, and decreased operational lifetime. There are a number of approaches to reduce or impede these impacts, such as the choice of concrete used, selection of the structural shape, and coatings to inhibit abrasion. In order to inform these approaches, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to abrasion, so that appropriate design considerations may be made. Degradation of concrete through the frictional effects of ice is a key component of mechanical abrasion. Adhesion in turn is one of the key components of static friction. This paper examines the state of knowledge of the adhesive effects of large-scale (bulk) ice on concrete and presents the challenges in comparing results across test programs due to the lack of standard test procedures. Research directions are proposed, both to reduce challenges in cross-comparison of research results and to further advance our understanding of the contact mechanics at play in adhesion of ice to concrete and its effect on damage.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the ICEWEAR project, a collaborative research project initiated by Memorial University of Newfoundland, Kvaerner Canada Limited, the NL Innovation Council Collaborative R&D and an NSERC – Collaborative Research and Development Grant. Ms. Barker gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Research Council of Canada for her participation in this project. The reviewers for this paper are sincerely thanked for their thoughtful, helpful, and informative comments and suggestions.
References
Ashworth, T., B. Tollefsen, and J. A. Weyland. 1979. “Adhesion of ice to concrete surfaces: Preliminary results.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. on Snow Removal and Ice Control Research, 23–29. Hanover, NH: Np.
Ashworth, T., and J. A. Weyland. 1982. Investigation of the basic forces involved in the adhesion of ice to highway surfaces-second report. Rep. DOT/RSPP/DPB-50/82/5. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation.
Ashworth, T., J. A. Weyland, L. L. Lu, A. P. Ewing, and R. D. Wheeler. 1989. “Evaluation of South Dakota Deicer No. 2 and calcium magnesium acetate by shear testing.” Winter maintenance, roadside management, and rating routine maintenance activities, Transportation Research Record Rep. 1246, 1–8. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for pull-off adhesion strength of coatings on concrete using portable pull-off adhesion testers. ASTM D7234-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for tensile strength of concrete surfaces and the bond strength or tensile strength of concrete repair and overlay materials by direct tension (pull-off method). ASTM C1583/C1583M-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Croutch, V. K., and R. A. Hartley. 1991. “Adhesion of ice to coatings and the performance of ice release coatings.” J. Coat. Technol. 64 (815): 41–53.
Farnam, Y., H. S. Esmaeeli, P. D. Zavattieri, J. Haddock, and J. Weiss. 2017. “Incorporating phase change materials in concrete pavement to melt snow and ice.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 84: 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.09.002.
Frankenstein, S., and A. M. Tuthill. 2002. “Ice adhesion to locks and dams: Past work; future directions? Technical note.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 16 (2): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2002)16:2(83).
Frederking, R. 1974. “Downdrag loads developed by a floating ice cover: Field experiments.” Can. Geotech. J. 11 (3): 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1139/t74-035.
Frederking, R. 1979. “Laboratory tests on downdrag loads developed by floating ice covers on vertical piles.” In Proc., Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 1097–1110. Trondheim, Norway: University of Trondheim.
Frederking, R., and J. Karri. 1981. Laboratory tests on ice sheet adhesion strength on piles of different materials. Technical Rep. Espoo, Finland: Technical Research Centre of Finland, Laboratory of Structural Engineering.
Frederking, R., and J. Karri. 1983. “Effects of pile material and loading state on adhesive strength of piles in ice.” Can. Geotech. J. 20 (4): 673–680. https://doi.org/10.1139/t83-075.
Gershunov, E. M. 1984. “Shear strength of adfreeze bond and its effect on global ice load applied to mobile offshore drilling units under arctic conditions.” In Proc., 16th Annual Offshore Technology Conf., Paper No. OTC 4687, 357–363. Houston, TX: Np.
Hanada, M., F. Hara, Y. Itoh, and H. Saeki. 1995. “Abrasion of natural stones due to a movement of sea ice sheet.” [In Japanese, not translated.] In Vol. 11 of Proc., of Civil Engineering in the Ocean, 229–233. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Society of Civil Engineers.
Hanada, M., K. Oshima, M. Ujihira, T. Yamashita, H. Saeki, and Y. Fukuhara. 1997. “Abrasion of stones due to a movement of sea ice sheet.” [In Japanese, not translated.] In Vol. 13 of Proc., of Civil Engineering in the Ocean, 831–835. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Society of Civil Engineers.
Han-Padron Associates Consulting Engineers. 1985. Beaufort sea petroleum technology assessment. Prepared for Minerals Management Service, Alaska outer continental shelf region, Leasing and environment office, Social and economic studies unit. Technical Rep. No. 112. New York: Han-Padron Associates Consulting Engineers.
Hara, F., H. Saeki, C. Ishii, and N. Nakazawa. 1994. “The comparative experiments on various adfreeze bond strength test between ice and materials.” [In Japanese, not translated.] In Vol. 10 of Proc., of Civil Engineering in the Ocean, 253–258. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Society of Civil Engineers.
Huang, W., Z. Li, H. Han, and Q. Jia. 2017. “Limit resistive forces from ice frozen to concrete-revetment interface of an inclined dam wall.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 141: 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.06.012.
Huovinen, S. 1990. “Abrasion of concrete by ice in arctic sea structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Publication No. 62. Laboratory of Structural Engineering, Technical Research Centre of Finland.
Itoh, Y., A. Yoshida, Y. Asai, K. Sasaki, and H. Saeki. 1988. “Testing methods on sea ice-concrete sliding abrasion.” In Vol. 3 of Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, edited by W. M. Sackinger and M. O. Jeffries, 89–96. Fairbanks, AK: Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute.
Jacobsen, S., L. V. Kim, and E. E. Pomnikov. 2012. “Concrete destructure due to ice-indentation pore pressure.” In Proc., 22nd Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., 1258–1263. Rhodes, Greece: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).
Jacobsen, S., G. W. Scherer, and E. M. Schulson. 2015. “Concrete–ice abrasion mechanics.” Cem. Concr. Res. 73: 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.01.001.
Janson, J. E. 1988. “Long term resistence of concrete offshore structures in ice environment.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 225–231. Houston, TX: Np.
Jellinek, H. H. G. 1957a. Tensile strength properties of ice adhering to stainless steel. Research Rep. 23. Wilmette, IL: U.S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers.
Jellinek, H. H. G. 1957b. Adhesive properties of ice. Research Rep. 38. Wilmette, IL: U.S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers.
Jellinek, H. H. G. 1959. “Adhesive properties of ice.” J. Colloid Sci. 14 (3): 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-8522(59)90051-0.
Jellinek, H. H. G. 1960a. Bonding of flat ice surfaces. Some preliminary results. Research Rep. 61. Wilmette, IL: U.S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers.
Jellinek, H. H. G. 1960b. Adhesive properties of ice, part II. Research Rep. 62. Wilmette, IL: U.S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers.
Jellinek, H. H. G. 1962. “Ice adhesion.” Can. J. Phys. 40 (10): 1294–1309. https://doi.org/10.1139/p62-138.
Jia, Q., W. Tian, Y. Lu, X. Peng, and J. Yu. 2011. “Experimental study on adhesion strength of freshwater ice frozen to concrete slab.” Adv. Mater. Res. 243–249: 4587–4591. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.243-249.4587.
Kioka, S., S. Ito, H. Saeki, and T. Terashima. 1995. “Vertical ice loads on offshore structures due to changes in water levels.” Trans. Built Environ. 11: 199–208.
Kopaigordosky, E. M., and D. A. Mirzojev. 1983. “Guidelines for research of environmental factors and their influence on oil-gas-production facilities in ice-covered regions of the Arctic.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, 960–970. Helsinki, Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.
Makkonen, L. 2012. “Ice adhesion—Theory, measurements and countermeasures.” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 26 (4–5) 413–445. https://doi.org/10.1163/016942411X574583.
Makkonen, L., O. Erikoinen, and E. Lehmus. 1986. “Field measurements of the adhesion strength of ice.” In Proc., Int. Offshore and Navigation Conf. and Exhibition, POLARTECH’ 86, VTT Symp. 71, Valtion teknillinen tutkimuskeskus, 725–734. Espoo, Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.
Makkonen, L., and E. Lehmus. 1987. “Studies on adhesion strength of saline ice.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, edited by W. M. Sackinger and M. D. Jeffries, 45–55. Fairbanks, AK: Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute.
Matsushita, H., T. Takawaki, T. Takeuchi, M. Sakai, T. Terashima, H. Honda, T. Masaki, A. Nishihata, M. Hanada, and H. Saeki. 1997. “A study on the shearing strength and adhesive strength of sea ice.” [In Japanese, not translated]. In Vol. 13 of Proc., of Civil Engineering in the Ocean, 765–770. Mountain View, CA: ISOPE.
Møen, E., K. V. Høiseth, B. Leira, and K. Høyland. 2015a. “Experimental study of concrete abrasion due to ice friction—Part I: Set-up, ice abrasion vs. material properties and exposure conditions.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 110: 183–201. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.09.008.
Møen, E., K. V. Høiseth, B. Leira, and K. Høyland. 2015b. “Experimental study of concrete abrasion due to ice friction—Part II: Statistical representation of abrasion rates and simple, linear models for estimation.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 110: 202–214. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.10.007.
Møen, E., S. Jacobsen, and H. Myhra. 2007. Ice abrasion data on concrete structures – An overview state of the art. SINTEF Rep. SBF BK A07036. Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF.
Mølgaard, J. 1991. “Mechanisms of ice friction.” In Ice-structure interaction. international union of theoretical and applied mechanics (International Association for Hydraulic Research), edited by S. Jones, J. Tillotson, R. F. McKenna, and I. J. Jordaan, 385–403. Berlin: Springer.
Nakazawa, N., H. Saeki, T. Ono, T. Takeuchi, and S. Kanie. 1988. “Ice forces due to changes in water level and adfreeze bond strength between sea ice and various materials.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 110 (1): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3257127.
Nakazawa, N., T. Terashima, H. Saeki, and T. Ono. 1993. “Factors influencing the coefficient of friction between sea ice and various construction materials.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, 97–105. Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Ship Model Basin.
Newhook, J. P., and D. J. McGinn. 2007. “Ice abrasion assessment—Piers of confederation bridge.” In Proc., Conf. Bridge Engineering Summit, Ice 3-1–3-13. Charlottetown, Canada: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering and Strait Crossing Bridge Limited.
Niven, C. D. 1959. A proposed mechanism for ice friction. NRC No. 5064. Ottawa: Division of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Canada.
Oksanen, P. 1982. Adhesion strength of ice.Research Rep. Espoo, Finland: Technical Research Centre of Finland.
Oksanen, P. 1983a. “Friction and adhesion of ice.” Ph.D. thesis, Publications No. 10. Laboratory of Structural Engineering, Technical Research Centre of Finland.
Oksanen, P. 1983b. “Adhesion strength of ice.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, 710–719. Espoo, Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.
Parameswaran, V. R. 1981. “Adfreeze strength of model piles in ice.” Can. Geotech. J. 18 (1): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1139/t81-002.
Sackinger, W. M., and P. A. Sackinger. 1977. “Shear strength of the adfreeze bond of sea ice to structures.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., Int. Conf. on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, 607–614. St. John's, NL: Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Saeki, H. 2010. “Mechanical properties between ice and various materials used in hydraulic structures: The Jin S. Chung Award Lecture, 2010.” Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng. 21 (2): 81–90.
Saeki, H., T. Ono, and A. Ozaki. 1981. “Mechanical properties of adhesion strength to pile structures.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., of the IAHR Int. Symp. on Ice, 641–649. Quebec City, Canada: Laval Univ.
Sayward, J. M. 1979. Seeking low ice adhesion. Special Rep. 79-11. Hanover, NH: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Sharapov, D., and K. Shkhinek. 2014. “A method to determine the horizontal ice loads on the vertical steel structures which adfreeze to the ice level.” Coastal Eng. 88: 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.02.005.
Sobolev, K., M. Nosonnovsky, I. Flores-Vivian, S. Rao, M. Kozhukhova, V. Hejazi, S. Muzenski, B. Bosch, R. Rivero, and T. Krupenkin. 2013. Anti-icing and de-icing superhydrophobic concrete to improve the safety on critical elements of roadway pavements and bridges. CFIRE 07-03. Milwaukee: National Centre for Freight & Infrastructure Research and Education, Univ. of Wisconsin.
Terashima, T., T. Kawai, A. Furuya, K. Narita, N. Usami, and H. Saeki. 1999. “Experimental study on adfreeze bond strength between ice and pile structures.” In Proc., of the 9th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., 549–542. Mountain View, CA: ISOPE.
Terashima, T., N. Nakazawa, S. Kioka, N. Usami, and H. Saeki. 2006. “Vertical ice forces on pile structures under water level changes.” In Proc., 18th IAHR Int. Symp. on Ice, 145–152. Sapporo, Japan: International Association for Hydraulic Engineering and Research.
Terashima, T., K. Nirasawa, F. Hara, and H. Saeki. 1997. “Comparative experiments on various adfreeze bond strength tests between ice and materials.” Trans. Eng. Sci. 14: 207–216.
Tuthill, A. M. 2002. Ice-affected components of locks and dams. Technical Rep. ERDC/CRREL TR-02-4. Prepared for Office of the Chief of Engineers. Hanover, NH: US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 3 • September 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 17, 2020
Accepted: Dec 30, 2020
Published online: Apr 22, 2021
Published in print: Sep 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 22, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.