Effect of Combined Freeze-Thaw and Ferrate(VI) Treatments on Escherichia coli in Phosphate-Buffered Saline
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 31, Issue 3
Abstract
The study examined the individual and combined effects of potassium ferrate(VI) and freeze-thaw treatment for the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. A low dose (LD) of and a high dose (HD) of of potassium ferrate(VI) were used as a pretreatment and posttreatment to freeze-thaw, at temperatures of , , and , for 1, 8, and 15 days completely frozen. The LD did not have a significant effect on E. coli concentrations following a 15-min contact time. However, when the LD was used as a pretreatment to freeze-thaw, E. coli concentrations were reduced to , representing by inactivation, regardless of the freezing temperature or the duration of the freezing conditions. When used as a posttreatment to freeze-thaw, LD improved E. coli inactivation compared to stand-alone freeze-thaw treatments; however, LD was much more effective when used as a pretreatment to freeze-thaw. The HD resulted in up to 6.4-log inactivation of E. coli following a 15-min contact time. When used as a pretreatment to freeze-thaw, E. coli concentrations were reduced by more than 6-log regardless of the freezing temperature or the duration of the freezing conditions, similar to the pretreatment tests with LD. Stand-alone freeze-thaw treatments at temperatures of , , and , for 1, 8, and 15 days resulted in 1.4 to 3-log inactivation of E. coli, with no significant difference among the various freezing temperatures and freezing times. The study confirmed the effectiveness of potassium ferrate(VI) and freeze-thaw treatments for the inactivation of E. coli and also demonstrated that relatively low doses of potassium ferrate(VI) are extremely effective when used as a pretreatment, prior to freeze-thaw.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Ontario Research Fund under the Early Researcher Award program awarded to Prof. Banu Ormeci.
References
APHA (American Public Health Association). (2005). “Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.” American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, DC.
Canfield, C., and Sutphen, R. L. (1982). “Mother nature as sludge thickener.” Water Eng. Manage., 129(13), 22–24.
Desjardins, M. A., and Brière, F. G. (1996). “Conditionnement et déshydration de boues d’étangs facultatifs à l’aide du gel—dégel naturel: résultats d’essais.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 23(2), 323–339 (in French).
Diak, J. (2015). “Freeze-thaw sludge dewatering and stabilisation using ferrate (VI).” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton Univ., Ottawa.
Diak, J., Örmeci, B., and Proux, C. (2011). “Freeze-thaw treatment of RBC sludge from a remote mining exploration facility in subarctic Canada.” Water Sci. Technol., 63(6), 1309–1313.
Ding, L., Liang, H. C., and Li, X. Z. (2012). “Oxidation of by in situ generation of ferrate(VI) in aqueous alkaline solution for odour treatment.” Sep. Purif. Technol., 91, 117–124.
Gao, W., Leung, K., and Hawdon, N. (2009) “Freezing inactivation of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in water: Response to different strains.” Water Environ. Res., 81(8), 824–830.
Gao, W., Smith, D. W., and Li, Y. (2006) “Natural freezing as a wastewater treatment method: E. coli inactivation capacity.” Water Res., 40(12), 2321–2326.
Gombos, E., et al. (2013). “Removal of organic matters in wastewater treatment by ferrate(VI)-technology.” Microchem. J., 107, 115–120.
He, C., Li, X. Z., Sharma, V. K., and Li, S. Y. (2009). “Elimination of sludge odor by oxidizing sulphur-containing compounds with ferrate(VI).” Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(15), 5890–5895.
Hedström, A., and Hanaeus, J. (1999). “Natural freezing, drying, and composting for treatment of septic sludge.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 13(4), 167–179.
Hellström, D., and Kvarnström, E. (1997). “Natural sludge dewatering. I: Combination of freezing, thawing, and drying as dewatering methods.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 11(1), 1–14.
Hu, K., Jiang, J. Q., Zhao, Q. L., Lee, D. J., Wang, K., and Qiu, W. (2011). “Conditioning of wastewater sludge using freezing and thawing: Role of curing.” Water Res., 45(18), 5969–5976.
Hung, W. T., Feng, W. H., Tsai, I. H., Lee, D. J., and Hong, S. G. (1997). “Uni-directional freezing of waste activated sludges: vertical freezing versus radial freezing.” Water Res., 31(9), 2219–2228.
Jiang, J. Q. (2007). “Research progress in the use of ferrate(VI) for the environmental remediation.” J. Haz. Mat., 146(3), 617–623.
Jiang, J. Q., Panagoulopoulos, A., Bauer, M., and Pearce, P. (2006). “The application of potassium ferrate for sewage treatment.” J. Environ. Manage., 79(2), 215–220.
Jiang, J. Q., Wang, S., and Panagoulopoulos, A. (2007). “The role of potassium ferrate(VI) in the inactivation of Escherichia coli and in the reduction of COD for water remediation.” Desalination, 210(1–3), 266–273.
Jiang, J. Q., and Zhoo, Z. (2013). “Removal of pharmaceutical residues by ferrate(VI).” PLoS ONE, 8(2), .
Kato, S., Jenkins, M. B., Fogarty, E. A., and Bowman, D. D. (2002). “Effects of freeze-thaw events on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil.” J. Parasitol., 88(4), 718–722.
Li, C., Li, X. Z., Graham, N., and Gao, N. Y. (2008). “The aqueous degradation of bisphenol A and steroid estrogens by ferrate.” Water Res., 42(1–2), 109–120.
Martel, C. J. (1993). “Fundamentals of sludge dewatering in freezing beds.” Water Sci. Technol., 28(1), 29–35.
Martel, C. J. (2001). “Design of freezing bed for sludge dewatering at McMurdo, Antarctica.”, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Hanover, NH.
Martel, C. J., and Diener, C. J. (1991). “Pilot-scale studies of sludge dewatering in a freezing bed.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 18(4), 681–689.
Northcott, K. A., Snape, I., Scales, P. J., and Stevens, G. W. (2005). “Contaminated water treatment in cold region: An example of coagulation and dewatering modelling in Antarctica.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 41(1), 61–72.
Penman, A., and van Es, D. W. (1973). “Winnipeg freezes sludge, slashes disposal costs 10 fold.” Civ. Eng. ASCE, 43(11), 65–67.
Sanin, F. D., Vesilind, P. A., Martel, C. J. (1994). “Pathogen reduction capabilities of freeze/thaw sludge conditioning.” Water Res., 28(11), 2393–2398.
Schuck, C. A., de Luca, S. J., Peralba, M., and de Luca, M. A. (2006). “Sodium ferrate(IV) and sodium hypochlorite in disinfection of biologically treated effluents. Ammonium nitrogen protection against THMs and HAAs.” J. Environ. Sci. Health, A41(10), 2329–2343.
U.S. EPA. (2005). “Method 1681: Fecal coliforms in sewage sludge (biosolids) by multiple tube fermentation using A-1 medium.” Washington, DC.
Wang, Q., Fujisaki, K., Ohsumi, Y., Ogawa, H. I. (2001). “Enhancement of dewaterability of thickened waste activated sludge by freezing and thawing treatment.” J. Environ. Sci. Health, A36(7), 1361–1371.
Yang, B., Ying, G. G., Zhao, J. L., Liu, S., Zhou, L. J., and Chen, F. (2012a). “Removal of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) during ferrate(VI) treatment of secondary wastewater effluents.” Water Res., 46(7), 2194–2204.
Yang, E. L., Shi, J. J., and Liang, H. C. (2012b). “On-line electrochemical production of ferrate(VI) for odor control.” Electrochim. Acta., 63, 369–374.
Zhu, J. H., Yan, X. L., Liu, Y., and Zhang, B. (2006). “Improving alachlor biodegradability by ferrate oxidation.” J. Haz. Mat., B135(1–3), 94–99.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 31 • Issue 3 • September 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 4, 2015
Accepted: Dec 5, 2016
Published ahead of print: Feb 15, 2017
Published online: Feb 16, 2017
Discussion open until: Jul 16, 2017
Published in print: Sep 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.