Leadership Competencies for Construction Professionals as Identified by Construction Industry Executives
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 146, Issue 9
Abstract
Construction and civil engineering professionals are recognizing a growing need for increased professional development, namely, leadership development, within the industry. However, many academic and workforce professions lack a clear definition of leadership that aligns with construction and civil engineering industry environments. To initiate the development of this definition and enhance the preparation and training of emerging industry professionals, this study utilizes the Delphi method to gain consensus from construction industry executives regarding necessary leadership competencies for workforce entry. The findings identified 24 leadership competencies that highlight the importance of both intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies that contribute to ongoing leadership conversations in the construction industry. A comparison of these competencies with the body of knowledge revealed leadership as consisting of both professional and technical competencies, shifting conceptualizations of leadership from a professional competency acquired through experience to an integrated competency that can be operationalized and taught in both technical and professional learning contexts.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request (procedures for expert panel selection and qualitative coding procedures for Delphi instrument development).
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation for supporting this work under Grant Nos. 1463802 and 1931371. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the contributions made by Dr. Alison Bowers to organize and edit this manuscript.
References
ABET. 2018. “Criteria for accrediting engineering programs.” Accessed August 8, 2019. https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2018-2019/.
ACCE (American Council for Construction Education). 2017. “Document 101—Accreditation manual.” Accessed October 15, 2018. https://33d9a470-25f9-40dd-962f-fd51c9953648.filesusr.com/ugd/683b8d_428e7601acfe41cf9d935a8ee23aeeca.pdf.
Ahmed, S. M., C. Yaris, R. U. Farooqui, and M. Saqib. 2014. “Key attributes and skills for curriculum improvement for undergraduate construction management programs.” Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res. 10 (4): 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2014.900833.
Ahn, Y. H., R. P. Annie, and H. Kwon. 2012. “Key competencies for US construction graduates: Industry perspective.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 138 (2): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000089.
ASCE. 2019. Civil engineering body of knowledge: Preparing the future civil engineer. 3rd ed. Reston, VA: ASCE.
ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education). 2013. Transforming undergraduate education in engineering (TUEE) phase I: Synthesizing and integrating industry perspectives. Arlington, VA: ASEE.
Bar-On, R. 1997. The Bar-On emotional quotient inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Basadur, M., G. Gelade, and T. Basadur. 2014. “Creative problem-solving process styles, cognitive work demands, and organizational adaptability.” J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 50 (1): 80–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886313508433.
Benhart, B. L., and M. Shaurette. 2014. “Establishing new graduate competencies: Purdue University’s construction management curriculum restructuring.” Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res. 10 (1): 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2013.770108.
Bhattacharjee, S., S. Ghosh, D. E. Young-Corbett, and C. M. Fiori. 2013. “Comparison of industry expectations and student perceptions of knowledge and skills required for construction career success.” Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res. 9 (1): 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2011.647248.
Bloom, B. S., M. D. Englehart, E. J. Furst, W. H., Hill, and D. Krathwohl. 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives, the classification of educational goals, handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay.
Bowman, B. A., and J. V. Farr. 2000. “Embedding leadership in civil engineering education.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 126 (1): 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2000)126:1(16).
Brown, B., S. Cochran, and N. Dalkey. 1969. The Delphi method, II: Structure of experiments. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2017. “Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation.” Accessed July 27, 2017. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat17.htm.
Burgett, J. M., A. Perrenoud, and J. P. Smith. 2018. “Identification and prioritization of critical subject matter within mechanical systems curriculum in construction management education.” Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res. 14 (4): 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2017.1372535.
Butler, C. J., and P. S. Chinowsky. 2006. “Emotional intelligence and leadership behavior in construction executives.” J. Manage. Eng. 22 (3): 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2006)22:3(119).
Clarke, N. 2010. “Emotional intelligence and its relationship to transformational leadership and key project manager competences.” Project Manage. J. 41 (2): 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20162.
DeRue, D. S., and S. J. Ashford. 2010. “Who will lead and who will follow? A social process of leadership identity construction in organizations.” Acad. Manage. J. 35 (4): 627–647. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.4.zok627.
Dulewicz, V., and M. Higgs. 2005. “Assessing leadership styles and organizational context.” J. Manage. Psychol. 20 (2): 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510579759.
Gao, L., and N. Eldin. 2014. “Employers’ expectations: A probabilistic text mining model.” Procedia Eng. 85: 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.542.
Geoghegan, L., and V. Dulewicz. 2008. “Do project managers’ leadership competencies contribute to project success?” Project Manage. J. 39 (4): 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20084.
Goethals, G. R., and G. L. Sorenson. 2007. The quest for a general theory of leadership. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Gordon, M., P. Baker, K. Catchpole, D. Darbyshire, and D. Schocken. 2015. “Devising a consensus definition and framework for non-technical skills in healthcare to support educational design: A modified Delphi study.” Med. Teach. 37 (6): 572–577. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2014.959910.
Hallowell, M. R. 2008. “A formal model for construction safety and health risk management.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State Univ.
Hallowell, M. R., and J. A. Gambatese. 2010. “Qualitative research: Application of the Delphi method to CEM research.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 136 (1): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000137.
Harris, A., K. Leithwood, C. Day, P. Sammons, and D. Hopkins. 2007. “Distributed leadership and organizational change: Reviewing the evidence.” J. Educ. Change 8 (4): 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-007-9048-4.
Hartmann, B. L., and C. T. Jahren. 2015. “Leadership: Industry needs for entry-level engineering positions.” J. STEM Educ. 16 (3): 13–19.
Hartmann, B. L., C. Stephens, and C. T. Jahren. 2015. “Surveying industry needs for leadership in entry-level engineering positions.” In Proc., 122nd Conf. and Exhibition. Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education.
Heifetz, R. D., A. Grashow, and M. Linsky. 2009. The practice of adaptive leadership. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
Holey, E. A., J. L. Feeley, J. Dixon, and V. J. Whittaker. 2007. “An exploration of the use of simple statistics to measure consensus and stability in Delphi studies.” BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 7 (1): 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-7-52.
Hsu, C., and B. A. Sandford. 2007. “The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus.” Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 12 (10): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.7275/pdz9-th90.
Itani, M., and I. Srour. 2016. “Engineering students’ perceptions of soft skills, industry expectations, and career aspirations.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 142 (1): 04015005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000247.
Jepson, D. 2009. “Leadership in context: The importance of departments.” Leadersh. Organ. Dev. J. 30 (1): 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730910927098.
Larsson, J., P. E. Eriksson, T. Olofsson, and P. Simonsson. 2015. “Leadership in civil engineering: Effects of project managers’ leadership styles on project performance.” J. Manage. Eng. 31 (6): 04015011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000367.
Lindebaum, D., and C. Cassell. 2010. “A contradiction in terms? Making sense of emotional intelligence in a construction management environment.” Br. J. Manage. 23 (1): 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00729.x.
Linstone, H. A. 1975. The Delphi method. Edited by M. Turoff. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Love, P., D. Edwards, and E. Wood. 2011. “Loosening the Gordian knot: The role of emotional intelligence in construction.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 18 (1): 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699981111098685.
Manoliadis, O., I. Tsolas, and A. Nakou. 2006. “Sustainable construction and drivers of change in Greece: A Delphi study.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 24 (2): 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190500204804.
Miles, M., A. M. Huberman, and J. Saldaňa. 2014. Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mostafavi, A., J. L. Huff, D. M. Abraham, W. C. Oakes, and C. B. Zoltowski. 2016. “Integrating service, learning, and professional practice: Toward the vision for civil engineering in 2025.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 142 (3): B4013001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000179.
Müller, R., and R. Turner. 2010. “Leadership competency profiles of successful project managers.” Int. J. Project Manage. 28 (5): 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.09.003.
Murphy, M., P. O’Donnell, and J. Jameson. 2019. “Business in engineering education: Issues, identities, hybrids, and limits.” In The engineering-business nexus: Symbiosis, tension, and co-evolution, edited by S. H. Christensen, B. Delahouse, C. Didier, M. Meganck, and M. Murphy, 365–396. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Naveed, M. H., M. J. Thaheem, M. B. Khurshid, and R. U. H. Farooqui. 2016. “Performance assessment of construction engineering and management (CEM) degree program in developing countries: Case of Pakistan.” Int. J. Const. Educ. Res. 13 (1): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2016.1183732.
Neeley, K. A., and B. Steffensen. 2018. “The t-shaped engineer as an ideal in technology entrepreneurship: Its origins, history, and significance for engineering education.” In Proc., American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conf. and Exposition. Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education.
Özgen, S., O. Sánchez-Galoforé, J. R. Alabart, M. Medir, and F. Giralt. 2013. “Assessment of engineering students’ leadership competencies.” Leadersh. Manage. Eng. 13 (2): 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000168.
Pellicer, E., V. Yepes, A. J. Ortega, and A. Carrion. 2017. “Market demands on construction management: View from graduate students.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 143 (4): 04017005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000334.
Rubin, D. K., M. B. Powers, G. Tulacz, S. Winston, and W. G. Krizan. 2002. “Leaders come in all shapes and sizes, but the great ones focus on people.” Eng. News Rec. 249 (23): 34.
Salovey, P., and J. D. Mayer. 1990. “Emotional intelligence.” Imagination Cognition Personality 9 (3): 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG.
Santos, J. P., A. Caetano, and S. M. Tavares. 2015. “Is training leaders in functional leadership a useful tool for improving the performance of leadership functions and team effectiveness?” Leadersh. Q. 26 (3): 470–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.02.010.
Seemiller, C., and T. Murray. 2013. “The common language of leadership.” J. Leadersh. Stud. 7 (1): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21277.
Siller, T. J., A. Rosales, J. Haines, and A. Benally. 2009. “Development of undergraduate students’ professional skills.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 135 (3): 102–108.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2009)135:3(102).
Simmons, D. R., R. Yu, and E. G. Creamer. 2017. “Involvement in out-of-class activities: A mixed research synthesis examining outcomes with a focus on engineering students.” J. STEM Educ. Innovation Res. 18 (2): 10–16.
Skipper, C. O., and L. C. Bell. 2006. “Influences impacting leadership development.” J. Manage. Eng. 22 (2): 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2006)22:2(68).
Spatz, D. M. 1999. “Leadership in the construction industry.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 4 (2): 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0680(1999)4:2(64).
Spillane, J. P., R. Halverson, and J. B. Diamond. 2004. “Towards a theory of leadership practice: A distributed perspective.” J. Curriculum Stud. 36 (1): 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027032000106726.
Toor, S., and G. Ofori. 2008. “Developing construction professionals of the 21st century: Renewed vision for leadership.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 134 (3): 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2008)134:3(279).
Tranquillo, J. 2017. “The t-shaped engineer.” J. Eng. Educ. Transform. 30 (4): 12–24.
Trustees of Indiana University. 2018. The Carnegie classification of institutions of higher education. Bloomington, IN: Trustees of Indiana University.
Walewski, J., and A. A. Kim. 2011. “Tomorrow’s university graduate: Construction industry needs and curriculum enhancement.” In Proc., American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conf. Washington, DC: American Society for Engineering Education.
Walther, J., N. Kellam, N. Sochacka, and D. Radcliffe. 2011. “Engineering competence? An interpretive investigation of engineering students’ professional formation.” J. Eng. Educ. 100 (4): 703–740. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2011.tb00033.x.
Western, S. 2013. Leadership: A critical text. Los Angeles: Sage.
Wiezel, A., and W. W. Badger. 2015. “Project managers competencies needed in 2022 and beyond.” In Proc., 51st ASC Annual Int. Conf. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Univ.
Yepes, V., E. Pellicer, and A. J. Ortega. 2011. “Designing a benchmark indicator for managerial competences in construction at the graduate level.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 138 (1): 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000075.
Zaccaro, S. J., S. Connelly, K. M. Repchick, A. I. Daza, M. C. Young, R. N. Kilcullen, V. L. Gilrane, J. M. Robbins, and L. N. Bartholomew. 2015. “The influence of higher order cognitive capacities on leader organizational continuance and retention: The mediating role of developmental experiences.” Leadersh. Q. 26 (1): 342–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.007.
Zaccaro, S. J., B. Heinen, and M. Shuffler. 2009. “Team leadership and team effectiveness.” In Team effectiveness in complex organizations: Cross-disciplinary perspectives and approaches, edited by E. Salas, G. F. Goodwin, and C. S. Burke, 83–111. London: Routledge.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 10, 2019
Accepted: Apr 29, 2020
Published online: Jun 27, 2020
Published in print: Sep 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Nov 27, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.