Generating a Daily Bill of Materials at Level of Development 400 Using the Smallest Workface Boundary
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 146, Issue 5
Abstract
Observations and sample tests at five construction sites showed that the time required for generating a daily bill of materials (BOM) is within the range of 12–68 min. However, 20 foremen interviewed at the sites stated that, in reality, they cannot spend more than 2–3 min per day generating a daily BOM, although this information would be helpful for field control. To meet this time requirement, this study uses a building information model at level of development (LOD) 400, i.e., the fabrication level, and a concept referred to as the smallest workface boundary (SWFB), which is the boundary that encapsulates a set of LOD400 objects in the smallest workable unit to overcome their high granularity. This research also presents four types of rules to automate the generation of SWFBs to the extent possible from LOD400 objects. The SWFB concept and rules are incorporated into a protype to aid a foreman in quickly generating a daily BOM with LOD400 objects. A methodology that a foreman can use with the prototype is also provided. For validation, field experiments were conducted at sites in Abu Dhabi, Stockholm, and Lima. With the latest version of the prototype, the time requirement (i.e., not requiring more than 2–3 min per day) was met with an average of 59 s.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes used during the study were provided by a third party (the project owner of each field experiment has ownership of the LOD400 model files used in this research). Direct requests for these materials may be made to the provider as indicated in the Acknowledgements.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Consolidated Contractors Company, Drees & Sommer, Allegro Projekt AB, Quality Consulting Solutions, and Proisac for providing access to their sites and the resources needed for the field experiments.
References
AIA (American Institute of Architects). 2008. AIA document E202-2008: Building information modeling protocol exhibit. Washington, DC: AIA.
AIA (American Institute of Architects). 2013. AIA document G202-2013: Project building information modeling protocol form. Washington, DC: AIA.
Alder, M. A. 2006. “Comparing time and accuracy of building information modeling to on-screen takeoff for a quantity takeoff of a conceptual estimate.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Technology, Brigham Young Univ.
Assaf, S. A., M. Al-Khalil, and M. Al-Hazmi. 1995. “Causes of delay in large construction projects.” J. Manage. Eng. 11 (2): 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(1995)11:2(45).
BIMForum. 2015. “Level of development specification.” Accessed March 6, 2016. http://bimforum.org/lod/.
Borges, M. M. 2018. “BIM modeling automation on reinforcement detailing of slabs.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto.
Bubshait, A., and T. Al-Atiq. 1999. “ISO 9000 quality standards in construction.” J. Manage. Eng. 15 (6): 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(1999)15:6(41).
Clement, J., A. Coldrick, and J. Sari. 1992. Manufacturing data structures: Building foundations for excellence with bills of materials and process information. Essex Junction, VT: Oliver Wight.
Deming, E. 1993. The new economics for industry, government, education. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Froese, T., et al. 1999. “Industry foundation class for project management–a trial implementation.” ITcon 4 (Nov): 17–36.
Hickok, N. 2003. “Evaluating work force productivity through an analysis of craftsmen questionnaire sampling.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Hopp, W. J., and M. L. Spearman. 1996. “Factory physics—Foundations of manufacturing management.” In Push and pull production systems. Chicago, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
Jaccard, P. 1901. “Étude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et des Jura.” Bull. de la Societe Vaudoise des Sci. Nat. 37 (142): 547–579. https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-266450.
Kim, S.-A., S. Chin, S.-W. Yoon, T.-H. Shin, Y.-S. Kim, and C. Choi. 2009. “Automated building information modeling system for building interior to improve productivity of BIM-based quantity take-off.” In Proc., 26th Int. Symp. on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2009), 492–496. Austin, TX: International Council for Building.
Lee, S.-K., K.-R. Kim, and J.-H. Yu. 2014. “BIM and ontology-based approach for building cost estimation.” Autom. Constr. 41 (May): 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.10.020.
Maia, L., P. Mêda, and J. G. Freitas. 2015. “BIM methodology, a new approach: Case study of structural elements creation.” Procedia Eng. 114: 816–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.032.
Mattison, H., and E. Galicia. 2011. Autodesk revit construction modeling and API for builders. San Rafael, CA: Autodesk.
McGraw-Hill Construction. 2014. The business value of BIM for construction in major global markets: How contractors around the world are driving innovation with building information modeling. New York: McGraw-Hill Construction.
Morkos, R. 2014. “Operational efficiency frontier: Visualizing, manipulating, and navigating the construction scheduling state space with precedence, discrete, and disjunctive constraints.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ.
Mourgues, C. 2008. “Method to produce field instructions from product and process models.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ.
O’Brien, W. 1998. “Capacity costing approach for construction supply-chain management.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ.
Oglesby, C., H. Parker, and G. Howell. 1989. Productivity improvement in construction. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Seppänen, O., and R. Kenley. 2005. “Performance measurement using location-based status data.” In Proc., 13th Conf. of Int. Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). Sydney, Australia: IGLC.
Song, M. H., and M. Fischer. 2019. “Iterative formalization of smallest workface boundary for generating daily bills of materials.” In Working Paper 144. Stanford, CA: CIFE, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ.
Song, M. H., and M. Fischer. 2020. “Empirical determination of the smallest batch sizes for daily planning.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (3): 04020011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001788.
Song, M. H., M. Fischer, and P. Theis. 2017. “Field study on the connection between BIM and daily work orders.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 143 (5): 06016007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001267.
StrucSoft Solutions. 2019. “Metal wood framer (MWF).” Accessed April 7, 2019. http://www.strucsoftsolutions.com/.
van Berlo, L. A. H. M., and F. Bomhof. 2014. “Creating the Dutch national BIM levels of development.” In Proc., 2014 Int. Conf. on Computing Civil and Building Engineering, 129–136. Orlando, FL: ASCE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 146 • Issue 5 • May 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 30, 2019
Accepted: Oct 15, 2019
Published online: Feb 25, 2020
Published in print: May 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jul 25, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.