A Comprehensive Stakeholder-Typology Model Based on Salience Attributes in Construction Projects
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 145, Issue 9
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive project stakeholder typology model (PSTM) based on stakeholder salience attributes (SSAs). Stakeholders are considered as one of the major pillars of construction projects and management of stakeholders is essential to effective project management in the construction industry. A literature review of stakeholder typology and management models was conducted to identify all the different SSAs that are being applied. This analysis revealed important variation in the attributes, models, and frameworks. A questionnaire survey and semistructured interviews were conducted to fulfil the research purpose. Based on a Venn-diagram analysis of data, we suggest a clear and nonoverlapping SSAs framework to be used in construction projects. We also propose a project stakeholder typology model based on SSAs. The results indicated that PSTM divides stakeholders into 15 different types based on four attributes, namely Potency, Legitimacy, Urgency, and Proximity. It is expected that the results of this study can be used by practicing professionals such as project managers when identifying, categorizing, and managing stakeholders in construction projects.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author by request. Information about the Journal’s data-sharing policy can be found here: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001263.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported in part by Research Deputy of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, under Grant No. 48115 (dated October 23, 2018).
References
Aaltonen, K. 2011. “Project stakeholder analysis as an environmental interpretation process.” Int. J. Project Manage. 29 (2): 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.02.001.
Aaltonen, K., J. Kujala, L. Havela, and G. Savage. 2015. “Stakeholder dynamics during the project front-end: The case of nuclear waste repository projects.” Project Manage. J. 46 (6): 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21549.
Aapaoja, A., and H. Haapasalo. 2014. “A framework for stakeholder identification and classification in construction projects.” Open J. Bus. Manage. 2 (1): 43–55. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2014.21007.
Abidin, N. Z. 2010. “Investigating the awareness and application of sustainable construction concept by Malaysian developers.” Habitat Int. 34 (4): 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.11.011.
Achterkamp, M. C., and J. F. Vos. 2008. “Investigating the use of the stakeholder notion in project management literature, a meta-analysis.” Int. J. Project Manage. 26 (7): 749–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.10.001.
Ackermann, F., and C. Eden. 2011. “Strategic management of stakeholders: Theory and practice.” Long Range Plann. 44 (3): 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2010.08.001.
Beetham, D. 1991. The legitimation of power. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
Bourne, L. 2005. “Project relationship management and the stakeholder circle.” Ph.D. thesis, Graduate School of Business, RMIT Univ.
Bourne, L. 2009. Stakeholder relationship management. Surrey, UK: Gower Publishing.
Bourne, L., and D. H. Walker. 2005. “Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence.” Manage. Decis. 43 (5): 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740510597680.
Bourne, L., and D. H. Walker. 2006. “Using a visualising tool to study stakeholder influence-two Australian examples.” J. Project Manage. 37 (1): 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/875697280603700102.
Bourne, L., and P. Weaver. 2010. “Mapping stakeholders.” In Construction stakeholder management. London: Blackwell Publishing.
Byrson, J. 2004. “What to do when stakeholders matter.” Pub. Manage. Rev. 6 (1): 21–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030410001675722.
Chinyio, E., and P. Olomolaiye. 2010. Construction stakeholder management. Chicester, UK: Wiley.
Cleland, D. L. 1998. “Stakeholder management.” In Project management handbook. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Clifton, D., and A. Amran. 2011. “The stakeholder approach: A sustainability perspective.” J. Bus. Ethics 98 (1): 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0538-6.
Dağlı, Ö. B. 2018. “Stakeholder management in project success: Is it an object or subject?” PM World J. 7 (4): 1–6.
De Alwis, A. C. 2016. “Stakeholders influence on successful business succession.” Int. J. Bus. Administration 7 (4): 79–86. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v7n4p79.
Deng, T., and X. Zhou. 2010. “Risk correlation analysis for China’s construction projects based on stakeholder theory.” Int. J. Manage. Sci. Eng. Manage. 5 (4): 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509653.2010.10671119.
Eden, C., and F. Ackerman. 1998. Making strategy, the journey of strategy making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Elias, A. A. 2016. “Analysing the stakes of stakeholders in research and development project management: A systems approach.” R&D Manage. 46 (4): 749–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12122.
Elias, A. A., and R. Y. Cavana. 2000. Stakeholder analysis for systems thinking and modeling. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria Univ. of Wellington.
El-Sawalhi, N. I., and S. Hammad. 2015. “Factors affecting stakeholder management in construction projects in the Gaza strip.” Int. J. Constr. Manage. 15 (2): 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2015.1035626.
El-Sayegh, S. M. 2014. “Project risk management practices in the UAE construction industry.” Int. J. Project Organ. Manage. 6 (1–2): 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPOM.2014.059748.
Eskerod, P., M. Huemann, and G. Savage. 2015. “Project stakeholder management—Past and present.” Project Manage. J. 46 (6): 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21555.
Freeman, R. E. 1983. Vol. 1 of Strategic management: A stakeholder approach, 31–60. Boston: Pitman.
Friedman, A. L., and S. Miles. 2006. Stakeholders: Theory and practice. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Fummey, S. L. 2017. “Studies on exploring critical success factors for stakeholders management in construction projects in Ghana.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Building Technology, Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Science and Technology.
Gong, L., X. Shen, S. Jiang, and C. Carr. 2013. “Technology progress in the Chinese construction industry under the iron-fist of government.” Technol. Anal. Strategic Manage. 25 (4): 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2013.774343.
Habib, B. 2015. “The relationship between factors of quality models and attributes of process models: Represented through Venn diagram.” Int. J. Comput. Appl. 129 (1): 37–47.
Hagberg, N. C. 2006. “Key attributes for successful leadership in construction: Project managers and superintendents.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State Univ.
Hallowell, M. R., and M. E. Calhoun. 2011. “Interrelationships among highly effective construction injury prevention strategies.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 137 (11): 985–993. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000354.
Harris, F. 2010. A historical overview of stakeholder management. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Järlström, M., E. Saru, and S. Vanhala. 2018. “Sustainable human resource management with salience of stakeholders: A top management perspective.” J. Bus. Ethics 152 (3): 703–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3310-8.
Jeffery, N. 2009. Stakeholder engagement: A road map to meaningful engagement, 1–48. Bedford, UK: Cranfield School of Management.
Johansen, A., P. Eik-Andresen, and A. Ekambaram. 2014. “Stakeholder benefit assessment-project success through management of stakeholders.” Procedia-Social Behav. Sci. 119: 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.065.
Jones, T. M., and A. C. Wicks. 1999. “Convergent stakeholder theory.” Acad. Manage. Rev. 24 (2): 206–221. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1893929.
Kivits, R. A. 2011. “Three component stakeholder analysis.” Int. J. Multiple Res. Approaches 5 (3): 318–333. https://doi.org/10.5172/mra.2011.5.3.318.
Kwok, P. K., and H. Y. Lau. 2018. “A modified consensus-building methodology for reaching a group decision using minimum costs.” IEEE Access 6: 3509–3523. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2787677.
Lin, X., C. M. F. Ho, and G. Q. Shen. 2018. “For the balance of stakeholders’ power and responsibility: A collaborative framework for implementing social responsibility issues in construction projects.” Manage. Decis. 56 (3): 550–569. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2016-0275.
Liu, J., P. E. Love, P. R. Davis, J. Smith, and M. Regan. 2013. “Performance measurement framework in PPP projects.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on PPP Body of Knowledge. Preston, UK: Univ. of Central Lancashire.
Lovell, R. J. 1993. “Power and the project manager.” Int. J. Project Manage. 11 (2): 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(93)90014-E.
Magness, V. 2008. “Who are the stakeholders now? An empirical examination of the Mitchell, Agle, and Wood theory of stakeholder salience.” J. Bus. Ethics 83 (2): 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9610-2.
Mainardes, E. W., H. Alves, and M. Raposo. 2012. “A model for stakeholder classification and stakeholder relationships.” Manage. Decis. 50 (10): 1861–1879. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211279648.
Manowong, E., and S. Ogunlana. 2010. “Strategies and tactics for managing construction stakeholders.” In Construction stakeholder management. London: Blackwell Publishing.
Martinez, C., and S. Olander. 2015. “Stakeholder participation for sustainable property development.” Procedia Econ. Finance 21: 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00150-1.
Mattingly, J., and D. Greening. 2002. “Public-interest groups as stakeholders: A ‘stakeholder salience’ explanation of activism.” In Unfolding stakeholder thinking: Theory, responsibility and engagement. London: Greenleaf Publishing in Association with GSE Research.
Miles, S. 2015. “Stakeholder theory classification: A theoretical and empirical evaluation of definitions.” J. Bus. Ethics 142 (3): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2741-y.
Mitchell, R. K., B. R. Agle, and D. J. Wood. 1997. “Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts.” Acad. Manage. Rev. 22 (4): 853–886. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9711022105.
Mitchell, R. K., J. H. Lee, and B. R. Agle. 2017. “Stakeholder prioritization work: The role of stakeholder salience in stakeholder research.” In Stakeholder management, 123–157. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Moffett, J. D., and E. C. Lupu. 1999. “The uses of role hierarchies in access control.” In Proc., 4th ACM Workshop on Role-Based Access Control. New York: ACM.
Mojtahedi, S. M. H. 2014. “Stakeholder attributes and approaches in natural disaster risk management in the built environment: The case of flood risk management in transport infrastructure.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Sydney.
Mojtahedi, S. M. H., and B.-L. Oo. 2014. “Development of an index to measure stakeholder approaches toward disasters in the built environment.” Procedia Econ. Finance 18: 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00918-6.
Mok, K. Y., G. Q. Shen, and J. Yang. 2015. “Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions.” Int. J. Project Manage. 33 (2): 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.007.
Mok, K. Y., G. Q. Shen, R. J. Yang, and C. Z. Li. 2017. “Investigating key challenges in major public engineering projects by a network-theory based analysis of stakeholder concerns: A case study.” Int. J. Project Manage. 35 (1): 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.10.017.
Molwus, J. J., B. Erdogan, and S. Ogunlana. 2017. “Using structural equation modelling (SEM) to understand the relationships among critical success factors (CSFs) for stakeholder management in construction.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 24 (3): 426–450. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2015-0161.
Molwus, J. J., B. Erdogan, and S. O. Ogunlana. 2014. “A study of the current practice of stakeholder management in construction projects.” In Proc., 30th Annual ARCOM Conf. East Midlands, UK: Association of Researchers in Construction Management.
Mostafa, M. A., and N. M. El-Gohary. 2014. “Semantic system for stakeholder-conscious infrastructure project planning and design.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 141 (2): 04014075. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000868.
Motoyama, Y., and H. Mayer. 2017. “Revisiting the roles of the university in regional economic development: A triangulation of data.” Growth Change 48 (4): 787–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12186.
Naderpajouh, N., and M. Hastak. 2014. “Quantitative analysis of policies for governance of emergent dynamics in complex construction projects.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 32 (12): 1222–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.980835.
Neville, B. A., S. J. Bell, and G. J. Whitwell. 2011. “Stakeholder salience revisited: Refining, redefining, and refueling an underdeveloped conceptual tool.” J. Bus. Ethics 102 (3): 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0818-9.
Newcombe, R. 2003. “From client to project stakeholders: A stakeholder mapping approach.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 21 (8): 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000072137.
Niknazar, P., and M. Bourgault. 2017. “Theories for classification vs. classification as theory: Implications of classification and typology for the development of project management theories.” Int. J. Project Manage. 35 (2): 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.11.002.
Olander, S. 2007. “Stakeholder impact analysis in construction project management.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 25 (3): 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190600879125.
Olander, S., and A. Landin. 2005. “Evaluation of stakeholder influence in the implementation of construction projects.” Int. J. Project Manage. 23 (4): 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.02.002.
Park, J. H., and Y. G. Ahn. 2012. “Strategic environmental management of Korean construction industry in the context of typology models.” J. Cleaner Prod. 23 (1): 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.032.
Pheng, L. S., and H. F. Omar. 1997. “Integration, segmentalism and the maintenance of quality management systems in the construction industry.” Build. Res. Inf. 25 (1): 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/096132197370598.
Pinto, J. 1998. Power and politics in project management. Newtown Square, PA: PMI.
PMI (Project Management Institute). 2017. A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK). 6th ed. Newtown Square, PA: PMI.
Polonsky, M. J. 1996. “Stakeholder management and the stakeholder matrix: Potential strategic marketing tools.” J. Market-Focused Manage. 1 (3): 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190039.
Preble, J. F. 2005. “Toward a comprehensive model of stakeholder management.” Bus. Soc. Rev. 110 (4): 407–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x.
Rajablu, M., G. Marthandan, and W. F. W. Yusoff. 2015. “Managing for stakeholders: The role of stakeholder-based management in project success.” Asian Social Sci. 11 (3): 111. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n3p111.
Reed, M. S., A. Graves, N. Dandy, H. Posthumus, K. Hubacek, J. Morris, C. Prell, C. H. Quinn, and L. C. Stringer. 2009. “Who’s in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management.” J. Environ. Manage. 90 (5): 1933–1949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.001.
Ribeiro Soriano, D., M. Peris-Ortiz, E. Wagner Mainardes, H. Alves, and M. Raposo. 2011. “Stakeholder theory: Issues to resolve.” Manage. Decis. 49 (2): 226–252. https://doi.org/10.1108/md.2011.00149baa.001.
Ssegawa-Kaggwa, J., A. B. Ngowi, and K. Ntshwene. 2013. “Using a situation analysis to identify the construction industry deficiencies in Botswana.” J. Constr. Dev. Countries 18 (1): 1–18.
Valentin, V., N. Naderpajouh, and D. M. Abraham. 2018. “Integrating the input of stakeholders in infrastructure risk assessment.” J. Manage. Eng. 34 (6): 04018042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000638.
Walker, D. H., L. M. Bourne, and A. Shelley. 2008. “Influence, stakeholder mapping and visualization.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 26 (6): 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190701882390.
Ward, S., and C. Chapman. 2003. “Transforming project risk management into project uncertainty management.” Int. J. Project Manage. 21 (2): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00080-1.
Wong, P. S., S. O. Cheung, and P. K. Ho. 2005. “Contractor as trust initiator in construction partnering—Prisoner’s dilemma perspective.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 131 (10): 1045–1053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:10(1045).
Xia, B., K. Molenaar, A. Chan, M. Skitmore, and J. Zuo. 2012. “Determining optimal proportion of design in design-build request for proposals.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 139 (6): 620–627. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000643.
Yang, J. 2010. “A framework for stakeholder management in construction projects.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.
Yang, J., G. Q. Shen, L. Bourne, C. M. F. Ho, and X. Xue. 2011a. “A typology of operational approaches for stakeholder analysis and engagement.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 29 (2): 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2010.521759.
Yang, J., G. Q. Shen, D. S. Drew, and M. Ho. 2009. “Critical success factors for stakeholder management: Construction practitioners’ perspectives.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 136 (7): 778–786. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000180.
Yang, J., G. Q. Shen, M. Ho, D. S. Drew, and X. Xue. 2011b. “Stakeholder management in construction: An empirical study to address research gaps in previous studies.” Int. J. Project Manage. 29 (7): 900–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.07.013.
Yang, R. J. 2014. “An investigation of stakeholder analysis in urban development projects: Empirical or rationalistic perspectives.” Int. J. Project Manage. 32 (5): 838–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.10.011.
Yang, R. J., and G. Q. Shen. 2014. “Framework for stakeholder management in construction projects.” J. Manage. Eng. 31 (4): 04014064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000285.
Yang, R. J., Y. Wang, and X. H. Jin. 2014. “Stakeholders’ attributes, behaviors, and decision-making strategies in construction projects: Importance and correlations in practice.” Project Manage. J. 45 (3): 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21412.
Yang, R. J., P. X. Zou, and J. Wang. 2016. “Modelling stakeholder-associated risk networks in green building projects.” Int. J. Project Manage. 34 (1): 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.09.010.
Yu, J., and M. Y. Leung. 2018. “Structural stakeholder model in public engagement for construction development projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 144 (6): 04018046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001462.
Ziddah, F. K. 2017. “Project closure practices in Ghana: A case study of Ghana cocoa board construction projects.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Building Technology, Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Science and Technology.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 10, 2018
Accepted: Jan 22, 2019
Published online: Jun 27, 2019
Published in print: Sep 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Nov 27, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.