Use of Soil-Rock Mixtures in Dam Construction
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 140, Issue 8
Abstract
The employment of nontraditional materials such as soil-rock mixtures, for economic and environmental reasons, in the construction of earthworks poses some new challenges for compaction techniques and their control, and for the determination of the embankment characteristics that result from the compaction method. Those characteristics experience important changes according to the relative percentages of the existing fractions. Usually, this kind of material results from bulky rock extraction without explosives, and it can include some large-size particles (greater than 0.5 m). In addition, the measured deformations associated with these materials have been larger than expected. For the execution control of the soil-rock mixtures from the Odelouca dam borrow areas, a series of vibratory and standard compaction tests was performed to estimate reference values for the maximum dry density and optimum water content of these materials, and a new methodology was proposed. The Odelouca dam is a zoned embankment dam, 76-m high, with clayey soil in the core and weathered schist with a significant fraction of oversized particles in the shells. This paper presents the results of the compaction control in addition to the dam performance during the construction and first filling phases as a validation of implemented construction procedures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2010). “Standard method of test for correction for coarse particles in the soil compaction test.” T224-10, Washington, DC.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard practice for correction of unit weight and water content for soils containing oversize particles.” D4718-87, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard test method for rapid determination of percent compaction.” D5080-08, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort [12 ()].” D698-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
Brito, A. (2006). Compaction of dam embankments. New methodologies of control, Tese de mestrado de Geotecnia para Engenharia Civil, Instituto Superior Técnico (in Portuguese).
British Standards Institution (BSI). (1990). “Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Compaction-related tests.” BSI 1377-4, London.
Caldeira, L., and Brito, A. (2007). “Compaction control of soil–rock mixtures of Odelouca dam through vibratory tests.” Revista Luso-Brasileira de Geotecnia, 109, 43–75.
Hilf, J. W. (1959). “A rapid method of construction control for embankments of cohesive soil.” Engineering Monograph No. 26, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 23.
Houston, S. L., and Walsh, K. D. (1993). “Comparison of rock correction methods for compaction of clayey soils.” J. Geotech. Eng., 763–778.
Junta Autónoma de Estradas (JAE). (1998). Junta Autónoma de Estradas Standards, Lisboa (in Portuguese).
Junta Autónoma de Estradas (JAE)/Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC). (1994). Construction control and physical and mechanical characterization of soil–rock mixtures, Lisbon, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC). (1987). Embankments with soil and rock mixtures. The particular case of weathered schists occurring in Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Maranha das Neves, E., and Veiga Pinto, A. (1983). “Compaction control and random fill Materials.” 8th European Conf. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, U.K.
Pardo de Santayana, F. (2006). “Structural behaviour of Beliche earth-rock dam after rehabilitation works.” 22nd Congress of Large Dams, International Commission on Large Dams, Paris, France.
Torrey, V. H., and Donaghe, R. T. (1994). “Compaction control of earth-rock mixtures: A new approach.” Geotech. Test. J., 17(3), 371–386.
U.S. Committee on Large Dams (USCOLD). (1998). Construction testing of embankment materials containing large particles, Denver.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). (1989). “Procedure for performing laboratory compaction of soils containing gravel,”, Denver.
Winter, M. G., and Suhardi (1993). “The effect of stone content on the determination of acceptability for earthworking.” Proc., Conf. Engineered Fills, Thomas Telford, London, 312–319.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 12, 2013
Accepted: Feb 24, 2014
Published online: May 7, 2014
Published in print: Aug 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Oct 7, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.