Abstract
With the development of deep underground space, there is an ever-growing demand for the excavation of deep foundations in the urban zone. The diaphragm wall is the most commonly used retaining and waterproof structure. Therefore, the quality of the diaphragm wall plays an essential role in the environmental impact and security risk control of deep foundation excavation. Consequently, it is required to develop practical ways to detect defects in diaphragm walls. It is critical to localize defects before excavation and characterize them in detail for proper countermeasures. Unfortunately, up to now, the traditional detection methods are not yet available for professional use. This paper presents a contribution to filling this gap based on cross-hole sonic logging (CSL) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). First, CSL is carried out prior to excavation through detection tubes preinstalled in the wall. Second, Bayesian inversion is used to obtain a high-quality two-dimensional (2D) visualization of the defects, and the depth and width can be obtained before excavation. Third, GPR is applied to precise detection when excavating to the depth of the defect. Finally, by employing an advanced bifrequency back-projection method, the correlation between two domain frequency radar data is used to obtain the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of the defects. The proposed method was used at a 40-m level of deep excavation in Shanghai, China, and allowed engineers to determine the location and 3D characteristics of defects. An identified analysis of the defects with this method showed a reasonably good match with manual observation after excavation.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under grants 2019YFC0605100 and 2019YFC0605103; National Natural Science Funds of China under grants 52038008, 4210071391 and 42107216; Shanghai Major Science and Technology Special Project (Grant No. 2017SHZDZX02); the Project of Science and Technology Program of Department of Transport under Grant No. 2021014; the Key Science and Technology Projects in Transportation Industry by Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China in 2021 under Grant No. 2021-MS2-061; and the Independent Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport under Grant No. ZK202205. The authors gratefully acknowledge their financial support. The authors are grateful to the reviewers for their valuable comments.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 37 • Issue 1 • February 2023
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 2, 2022
Accepted: Jul 26, 2022
Published online: Oct 25, 2022
Published in print: Feb 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 25, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Communication systems
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Defects and imperfections
- Detection methods
- Diaphragm walls
- Diaphragms (structural)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Equipment and machinery
- Excavation
- Geotechnical engineering
- Infrastructure
- Lifeline systems
- Materials characterization
- Materials engineering
- Methodology (by type)
- Radar
- Retaining structures
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Walls
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