Seismic Responses of Buildings after the 6.8 Sivrice Earthquake in January 2020
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 36, Issue 2
Abstract
The quality of the building stocks of most Middle Eastern countries is affected by earthquakes produced by the East Anatolian fault. On January 24, 2020, a medium-magnitude earthquake struck the Elazığ Province in eastern Turkey. The observed damage to structures was found to be excessive because of the poor-quality building stock of the region. In this study, the seismic behavior of the building stock of Elazığ after the January 24, 2020, Sivrice earthquake was discussed in detail. The reader was first provided with some insight regarding the Elazığ province. Next, the seismic behavior of the region and past earthquakes that occurred were examined to highlight the high seismicity of the region. Further, strong ground motion parameters and the hazards of the region were evaluated in detail, and the results of the reconnaissance studies were presented. Then, the reasons for the observed damage considering reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented, and the field applications and past construction techniques were compared with the recent regulations established in 2018. Finally, rebuilding and resettlement activities after the earthquake were discussed in detail. From this study, it was found that the damages of structures in an earthquake-affected area can be attributed primarily to the design stage and improper control mechanisms employed during construction. Based on field investigations, poor-quality civil engineering applications on both reinforced concrete and masonry buildings were found to be fundamental factors that affected the seismic behavior of the considered structures. Rural regions were found to suffer extensive damage after the earthquake. The results suggest that excessive loss could have been prevented if required care were given to the construction practice. This study is expected to help improve the understanding regarding the seismic behavior of low-quality structures, and it is expected to encourage developments that will help enhance the seismic capacity of existing buildings in the region.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful for the administrative support of Istanbul Technical University, and the contributions of various academics in reconnaissance studies are highly appreciated. The author would also like to thank Osman Pıhtılı, Provincial Director of Elazığ AFAD, and appreciates his hospitality.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2010. Recommendations for design of beam-column connections in monolithic reinforced concrete structures. ACI PRC-352-02. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2011. Building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318-11. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2012. Bond and development of straight reinforcing bars in tension. ACI 408R-03. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AFAD (Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Authority). 2020. “24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) Mw 6.8 earthquake report.” Accessed January 24, 2021. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/depremdokumanlari/1831.
Ambraseys, N. N., and C. F. Finkel. 1995. The seismicity of Turkey and adjacent areas, a historical review, 1500-1800. İstanbul, Turkey: Eren Publishing.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Barka, A., and K. Kadinsky-Cade. 1988. “Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity.” Tectonics 7 (3): 663–684. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i003p00663.
Barka, A., and R. Reilinger. 1997. “Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region: Deduced from GPS, neotectonic and seismicity data.” Annali Di Geophis 40 (3): 587–610.
CEDIM (Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology). 2020. “Earthquake, Doganyol, Turkey, 24 January 2020 (Report #1).” Accessed January 24, 2021. http://www.cedim.de/.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 1: General rules, specific rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. Eurocode 8. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Darwin, D., C. W. Dolan, and A. H. Nilson. 2016. Design of concrete structures. 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Dewey, J. F., W. C. Pitman, W. B. F. Ryan, and J. Bonnin. 1973. “Plate tectonics and the evolution of the Alpine system.” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 84 (10): 3137–3180. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84%3C3137:PTATEO%3E2.0.CO;2.
Duman, T., and Ö. Emre. 2013. “The East Anatolian Fault: Geometry, segmentation, and jog characteristics, geological development of Anatolia and the easternmost Mediterranean region.” Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 372 (1): 495–529. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP372.14.
Elazığ Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 2019. Elazığ Economical Report. [In Turkish.] Elazığ, Turkey: Elazığ Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
FEMA. 1997. NEHRP commentary on the guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Redwood City, CA: FEMA.
Guevara, L. T., and L. E. Garcia. 2005. “The captive and short column effects.” Earthquake Spectra 21 (1): 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1856533.
Hanson, N. W., and H. W. Connor. 1967. “Seismic resistance of reinforced concrete beam-column joints.” J. Struct. Div. 93 (5): 533–560. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0001785.
Hempton, M. R. 1985. “"Structure and deformation history of the Bitlis suture near Lake Hazar, southeastern Turkey.” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 96 (2): 233–243.
Lekidis, V. A., C. Z. Karakostas, P. P. Dimitriu, B. N. Margaris, I. Kalogeras, and N. Theodulidis. 1999. “The Aigio (Greece) seismic sequence of June 1995: Seismological, strong motion data and effects of the earthquakes on structures.” J. Earthquake Eng. 3 (3): 349–380.
Mckenzie, D. P. 1972. “Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region.” Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 30 (2): 109–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1972.tb02351.x.
National Construction Control and Supervising Law. 2001. 4708 Sayılı Yapı Denetimi Hakkında Kanun. [In Turkish.] Ankara, Turkey: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.
NIKER (New Integrated Knowledge based approaches to the protection of cultural heritage from Earthquake-induced Risk Project). 2010. Deliverable 3.1, inventory of earthquake-induced failure mechanisms related to construction types, structural elements, and materials. Padova, Italy: Università degli Studi di Padova.
Oyguc, R. 2016. “Seismic performance of RC school buildings after 2011 Van earthquakes.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 14 (3): 821–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9857-4.
Oyguc, R., and E. Oyguc. 2017. “2011 Van earthquakes: Lessons from damaged masonry structures.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 31 (5): 04017062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001057.
Parisi, F., and N. Augent. 2013. “Earthquake damages to cultural heritage construction and simplified assessment of artworks.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 34 (Dec): 735–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.01.005.
Şaroğlu, F., O. Emre, and I. Kuscu. 1992. “The East Anatolian fault zone of Turkey.” Annalae Tectonicae 6: 99–125.
Şaşetyan, K., et al. 2018. “The 2014 Seismic Hazard Model of the Middle East: Overview and results.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 16 (8): 3535–3566.
TBEC (Turkish Building Earthquake Code). 2018. Türk Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği. [In Turkish.] Ankara, Turkey: Ministry of Public Works and Settlement.
TDC (Turkish Design Code). 1975. Specification for structures to be built in disaster areas. [In Turkish.] Ankara, Turkey: Government of Republic of Turkey.
Theodoulidis, N., C. Karakostas, V. Lekidis, K. Makra, B. Margaris, K. Morfidis, C. Papaioannou, E. Rovithis, T. Salonikios, and A. Savvaidis. 2016. “The Cephalonia, Greece, January 26 (M6. 1) and February 3, 2014 (M6. 0) earthquakes: Near-fault ground motion and effects on soil and structures.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 14 (1): 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9807-1.
Tomazevic, M. 2000. “Shaking table tests of small-scale models of masonry buildings: Advantages and disadvantages.” In Massivbau 2000: Forschung, Entwicklungen, Anwendungen. Düsseldorf, Germany: Springer.
Wight, J. K., and J. G. MacGregor. 2012. Reinforced concrete mechanics and design. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Yönlü, Ö., V. Karabacak, E. Altunel, and H. S. Akyüz. 2010. “Paleoseismological evidences about the long term activity of the northernmost Dead Sea Fault Zone, Turkey.” In Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Eastern Mediterranean Geology. Adana, Turkey: Çukurova Univ.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 36 • Issue 2 • April 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 24, 2021
Accepted: Dec 8, 2021
Published online: Feb 10, 2022
Published in print: Apr 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jul 10, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.