Simplified Simulation Method for Hysteretic Behavior of Wood Brackets
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35, Issue 6
Abstract
Because of its high historical, cultural, and scientific value, wooden architectural heritage in East Asia requires comprehensive protection. The dou-gong (bracket set) is an essential member in ancient Chinese wooden architecture. The hysteresis behaviors of dou-gongs are critical to the abilities of structures to resist external dynamic loads, mainly including wind and earthquakes. It is crucial to develop an effective and convenient method to investigate the hysteresis performance of dou-gongs quantitatively. This study developed a simplified finite element model of dou-gongs using Euler beam and link elements. The types of Song-style dou-gongs and the experimental hysteresis characteristics were reviewed. Eight parameters of the skeleton and hysteresis curves were determined, and their suggested value ranges were proposed. The hysteresis behaviors, predicted using the proposed simplified simulation method, were compared with the experimental results, and the accuracy and rationality were validated. Finally, the applicability of the proposed simplified model was verified based on single and cooperative dou-gong performance. This study extends the simplified model of dou-gongs and provides useful guidelines to investigate their hysteresis performance.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFC1520800) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51878027 and 51978033).
References
Chen, C., H. Qiu, and Y. Lu. 2016a. “Flexural behaviour of timber dovetail mortise–tenon joints.” Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (Jun): 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.074.
Chen, Z., E. Zhu, F. Lam, and J. Pan. 2014. “Structural performance of Dou-Gong brackets of Yingxian Wood Pagoda under vertical load—An experimental study.” Eng. Struct. 80 (Dec): 274–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.013.
Chen, Z., E. Zhu, J. Pan, and G. Wu. 2016b. “Energy-dissipation performance of typical beam-column joints in Yingxian Wood Pagoda: Experimental study.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (3): 04015028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000771.
Chu, C.-H., C.-J. Liao, and S.-C. Lin. 2020. “Comparing augmented reality-assisted assembly functions—A case study on Dougong structure.” Appl. Sci. 10 (10): 3383. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103383.
Hao, S. 2018. “Using virtual reality to produce 3-D graphical simulation of the construction and use of Dougong in Chinese architecture emphasizing the Song and Qing Dynasties.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ohio State Univ.
Li, J. 2006. Ying Zao Fa Shi. [In Chinese.] Beijing: People’s Public Housing.
Liang, S. C. 1984. A pictorial history of Chinese architecture. Boston: Wilma Fairbank.
Shen, B., X. Cheng, W. Lu, and W. Liu. 2018. “Experimental study on seismic performance of Song-style Dou-gong joints in Chinese traditional building.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 397 (1): 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/397/1/012034.
Sui, Y., H. T. Zhao, J. Y. Xue, and X. C. Zhang. 2011. “Experimental study on stiffness of Dougong in Chinese ancient buildings.” Adv. Mater. Res. 368–373 (Oct): 819–822. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.819.
Wu, Y., X. Song, and K. Li. 2018. “Compressive and racking performance of eccentrically aligned dou-gong connections.” Eng. Struct. 175 (Nov): 743–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.054.
Wu, Y., X. Song, C. Ventura, and F. Lam. 2020. “Modeling hysteretic behavior of lateral load-resisting elements in traditional Chinese timber structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (5): 04020062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002613.
Xie, Q., L. Wang, L. Zhang, W. Xiang, and W. Hu. 2020. “Rotational behaviors of fork-column dou-gong: Experimental tests and hysteresis model.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 34 (3): 04020032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001426.
Xie, Q. F., B. Du, W. Xiang, P. J. Zheng, Y. Z. Cui, and F. L. Zhang. 2015. “Experimental study on seismic behavior and size effect of dovetail mortise-tenon joints of ancient timber buildings.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Struct. 36 (3): 112–120. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.2015.03.014.
Xue, J., L. Ma, X. Dong, X. Zhang, and X. Zhang. 2020. “Investigation on the behaviors of Tou–Kung sets in historic timber structures.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 23 (3): 485–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433219872439.
Xue, J. Y., Z. J. Wu, F. L. Zhang, and H. T. Zhao. 2015. “Seismic damage evaluation model of Chinese ancient timber buildings.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 18 (10): 1671–1683. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.18.10.1671.
Yao, Z., et al. 2019. “Status investigation and damage analysis of the dougong under the external eaves of the main hall of Chuzu Temple in the Shaolin Temple Complex.” BioResources 14 (2): 4110–4123. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.4110-4123.
Yu, M., Y. Oda, D. Fang, and J. Zhao. 2008. “Advances in structural mechanics of Chinese ancient architectures.” Front. Archit. Civ. Eng. China 2 (1): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-008-0002-1.
Yuan, J. L., W. Chen, J. Wang, and Y. Shi. 2011. “Experimental research on bracket set models of Yingxian Timber Pagoda.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Struct. 32 (7): 66–72.
Zhang, C., and Y. Gao. 2020. “Analysis of the force characteristics of the Chinese wooden dou-gong brackets in the Ming Dynasty.” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 598 (1): 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/598/1/012004.
Zhang, L., Z. Chang, Q. Li, and T. Zhou. 2020. “Experimental research on the anti-seismic properties of a five-stamping Tou-Kung joint of ancient Chinese buildings in the Ming Dynasty: A case study of Guang-yue Tower in Liaocheng City, Shandong Province.” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 14 (9): 1360–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1607626.
Zhang, X., C. Wu, J. Xue, and H. Ma. 2019. “Fast nonlinear analysis of traditional Chinese timber-frame building with Dou-Gon.” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 37 (6): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1604847.
Zhang, X.-C., J.-Y. Xue, H.-T. Zhao, and Y. Sui. 2011. “Experimental study on Chinese ancient timber-frame building by shaking table test.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 40 (4): 453–469. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.40.4.453.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 35 • Issue 6 • December 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 11, 2021
Accepted: Jul 28, 2021
Published online: Sep 14, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 14, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Yang Deng, Yuhang Li, Aiqun Li, Seismic safety assessments of historical timber buildings using updated finite element models: Case study of Yingxian wooden pagoda, China, Journal of Building Engineering, 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105454, 63, (105454), (2023).
- Chenwei Wu, Jianyang Xue, Dejun Song, Hysteretic behaviors reinforcement of Dou-Gong brackets: Experimental and numerical study, Structures, 10.1016/j.istruc.2022.10.062, 46, (299-321), (2022).