Early-Age Behavior of Internally Cured Concrete Bridge Deck under Environmental Loading
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 34, Issue 4
Abstract
The early-age cracking of bridge decks is a typical issue in the US that reduces service life. Internally cured (IC) concrete has been used in some states to reduce or eliminate the development of cracks in reinforced concrete decks. However, limited research has been conducted to evaluate the field performance of internally cured concrete bridge decks. This paper presents the field behavior of an IC concrete deck and an adjacent conventional concrete (CC) deck during their early age. Strain gauges and thermocouples were installed at several locations along the bridge length to measure the concrete and reinforcement strains and the temperature in both bridges. The results indicated that the majority of shrinkage occurred during the first week after the concrete placement. However, the deck with the IC concrete experienced less longitudinal and transverse strains when compared with the conventional concrete deck. The largest reduction in longitudinal and transverse strains of the IC concrete deck were 64% when compared to the CC concrete deck. The lower strains led to a reduction of early age cracks. Furthermore, it was noted that the rise of hydration temperature in the CC deck was higher than that of the IC concrete deck. However, the IC concrete deck remained warmer over time. Also, the contribution of reinforcement at the early age was investigated. It was observed that the reinforcement reduced the tensile strain in the concrete deck generated due to shrinkage. The largest reduction in longitudinal strain at the top and bottom of the IC concrete deck was 65% compared to the free shrinkage strain.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
ACI Committee (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ASTM. 2004. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C496. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
Bentz, D. P. 2009. “Influence of internal curing using lightweight aggregates on interfacial transition zone percolation and chloride ingress in mortars.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (5): 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.03.001.
Bentz, D. P., and K. A. Snyder. 1999. “Protected paste volume in concrete: Extension to internal curing using saturated lightweight fine aggregate.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (11): 1863–1867. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00178-7.
Bentz, D. P., and J. Weiss. 2011. Internal curing: A 2010 state of the art review. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Commerce.
Browning, J., D. Darwin, and K. F. Hurst. 2007. “Specifications to reduce bridge deck cracking.” Concr. Bridge Views. 46 (May): 1–2.
Byard, B. E., A. K. Schindler, and R. W. Barnes. 2012. “Early-age autogenous effects in internally cured concrete and mortar.” Spec. Publ. 290 (Sep): 1–18.
Byard, B. E., A. K. Schindler, and R. W. Barnes. 2014. “Cracking tendency of lightweight aggregate bridge deck concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 111 (2): 179–188. https://doi.org/10.14359/51686499.
Castro, J., R. Spragg, and J. Weiss. 2012. “Water absorption and electrical conductivity for internally cured mortars with a w/c between 0.30 and 0.45.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (2): 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000377.
Cavalline, T. L., J. T. Calamusa, A. M. Kitts, and B. Q. Tempest. 2017. “Field-observed cracking of paired lightweight and normal weight concrete bridge decks.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (1): 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-016-0176-1.
Cusson, D., and T. Hoogeveen. 2008. “Internal curing of high-performance concrete with pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate for prevention of autogenous shrinkage cracking.” Cem. Concr. Res. 38 (6): 757–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.02.001.
Cusson, D., Z. Lounis, and L. Daigle. 2010. “Benefits of internal curing on service life and life-cycle cost of high-performance concrete bridge decks—A case study.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (5): 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.02.007.
Darwin, D., J. Browning, W. Lindquist, H. McLeod, J. Yuan, M. Toledo, and D. Reynolds. 2010. “Low-cracking, high-performance concrete bridge decks: Case studies over first 6 years.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2202 (1): 61–69. https://doi.org/10.3141/2202-08.
Darwin, D., J. Browning, and W. D. Lindquist. 2004. “Control of cracking in bridge decks: Observations from the field.” Cem. Concr. Aggregates. 26 (2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1520/CCA12320.
Frosch, R. J., J. K. Bice, and J. B. Erickson. 2006. Design methods for the control of restrained shrinkage cracking. Rep. No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2006/32. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Univ.
Frosch, R. J., D. T. Blackman, and R. D. Radabaugh. 2002. Investigation of bridge deck cracking in various bridge superstructure systems. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Frosch, R. J., S. Gutierrez, and J. Hoffman. 2010. Control and repair of bridge deck cracking. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Guthrie, W., and J. Yaede. 2013. “Internal curing of concrete bridge decks in Utah: Preliminary evaluation.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2342 (1): 121–128. https://doi.org/10.3141/2342-15.
Hopper, T., A. Manafpour, A. Radlinska, G. Warn, F. Rajabipour, D. Morian, and S. Jahangirnejad. 2015. Bridge deck cracking: Effects on in-service performance. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Krauss, P. D., and E. A. Rogalla. 1996. Transverse cracking in newly constructed bridge decks. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Miller, R., A. Mirmiran, P. Ganesh, and M. Sappro. 2006. Transverse cracking of high performance concrete bridge decks after one season or six to eight months. Cincinnati: Ohio Dept. of Transportation.
RILEM. 2007. Internal curing of concrete. Edited by K. Kovler, and O. M. Jensen, Bagneux. France: S.A.R.L.
Russell, H. G. 2017. Control of concrete cracking in bridges. NCHRP synthesis of highway practice 500, 104 pp. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
Saadeghvaziri, M. A., and R. Hadidi. 2002. Cause and control of transverse cracking in concrete bridge decks. Washington, DC: FHWA.
Seddik Meddah, M., and A. Tagnit-Hamou. 2011. “Evaluation of rate of deformation for early-age concrete shrinkage analysis and time zero determination.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (7): 1076–1086. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000261.
Sellevold, E. J., and Ø. Bjøntegaard. 2006. “Coefficient of thermal expansion of cement paste and concrete: Mechanisms of moisture interaction.” Mater. Struct. 39 (9): 809–815.
Shen, D., J. Jiang, J. Shen, P. Yao, and G. Jiang. 2015. “Influence of prewetted lightweight aggregates on the behavior and cracking potential of internally cured concrete at an early age.” Constr. Build. Mater. 99 (Nov): 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.093.
Subramaniam, K. V., J. Kunin, R. Curtis, and D. Streeter. 2010. “Influence of early temperature rise on movements and stress development in concrete decks.” J. Bridge Eng. 15 (1): 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2010)15:1(108).
Sule, M., and K. Van Breugel. 2004. “The effect of reinforcement on early-age cracking due to autogenous shrinkage and thermal effects.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (5): 581–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00078-7.
Taylor, P., T. Hosteng, X. Wang, and B. Phares. 2016. Evaluation and testing of a lightweight fine aggregate concrete bridge deck in Buchanan County. London: IHRB.
Weber, S., and H. W. Reinhardt. 1997. “A new generation of high performance concrete: Concrete with autogenous curing.” Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 6 (2): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1065-7355(97)00009-6.
William, G. W., S. N. Shoukry, and M. Y. Riad. 2005. “Early age cracking of reinforced concrete bridge decks.” Bridge Struct. 1 (4): 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732480500483828.
Yunovich, M., N. G. Thompson, and Y. P. Virmani. 2005. “Corrosion protection system for construction and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete bridges.” Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol. 23 (3–4): 269–285.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 34 • Issue 4 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 9, 2019
Accepted: Feb 12, 2020
Published online: May 13, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Oct 13, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.