Seismic Response Evaluation of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Block Structural Walls. I: Experimental Results and Force-Based Design Parameters
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 30, Issue 4
Abstract
The reported experimental study documents the performance of six fully grouted reinforced concrete block structural walls tested under quasistatic cyclic loading. The walls fall under the ductile shear walls and the special reinforced masonry walls seismic force resisting system (SFRS) classification of the Canadian and U.S. standards, respectively. The test matrix consisted of one rectangular, one flanged, and two slab-coupled walls, all with an overall aspect ratio of 1.4. In addition, two rectangular walls, representing the individual components of the slab-coupled wall systems, were tested to quantify the wall slab coupling effects. In addition to discussing the experimental results, the study also presents key force-based seismic design (FBSD) parameters, such as the wall lateral load capacity, plastic hinge length, wall failure modes, and displacement ductility capacities. Moreover, the effects of wall cross-sectional configuration and slab coupling on the cyclic response and deformation capabilities of the walls are discussed. In general, the yield and ultimate loads were found to be accurately predicted using the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) S304-14 and Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) formulations. The wall experimental displacement ductility values (calculated at 20% strength degradation) ranged between 5.4 and 7.6, whereas the idealized displacement ductility values at the same strength degradation level ranged between 3.4 and 5.4. The analysis results reported in the paper highlight the fact that walls designed and detailed within the same SFRS classification possess significantly different FBSD parameters. The results also indicate that slab coupling, although not recognized as a wall coupling mechanism in the current editions of the CSA and MSJC, can have significant influences on the seismic response of ductile/special reinforced masonry wall systems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Financial support has been provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and the Canada Masonry Design Centre (CMDC). Additional support has been provided by the Canadian Concrete Masonry Producers Association (CCMPA). Provision of mason time by the Ontario Masonry Contractors Association (OMCA) and the support provided through the McMaster University Centre for Effective Design of Structures (CEDS), funded through the Ontario Research and Development Challenge Fund (ORDCF), are gratefully acknowledged.
References
Ahmadi, F., Hernandez, J., Sherman, J., Kapoi, C., Klingner, R., and McLean, D. (2014). “Seismic performance of cantilever-reinforced concrete masonry shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014051.
ASTM. (2005). “Standard test method for Young’s modulus, tangent modulus, and chord modulus.” EIII-04, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008a). “Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars.” CI09-08, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008b). “Standard test method for sampling and testing grout.” CI019-08, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008c). “Standard test methods for sampling and testing concrete masonry units and related units.” C140-08, West Conshohocken, PA.
Banting, B., and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2014a). “Seismic design parameters for special masonry structural walls detailed with confined boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014067.
Banting, B., and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2014b). “Seismic performance quantification of reinforced masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 04014001.
Banting, B. R., and El-Dakhakhni, W. W. (2012). “Force- and displacement- based seismic performance parameters for reinforced masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 1477–1491.
Bohl, A., and Adebar, P. (2011). “Plastic hinge lengths in high-rise concrete shear walls.” ACI Struct. J., 108(2), 148–157.
Chitty, L. (1947). “On the cantilever composed of a number of parallel beams interconnected by cross bars.” Philos. Mag. J. Sci., 38(285), 685–699.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2014a). “Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement.” CSA G30.18-09, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2014b). “CSA standards on concrete masonry units.” CSA A165, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2014c). “Design of masonry structures.” CSA S304-14, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2014d). “Mortar and grout for unit masonry.” CSA A179-14, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
Eikanas, I. K. (2003). “Behavior of concrete masonry shear walls with varying aspect ratio and flexural reinforcement.” M.Sc. thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA.
El-Dakhakhni, W., Banting, B., and Miller, S. (2013). “Seismic performance parameter quantification of shear-critical reinforced concrete masonry squat walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 957–973.
Fattal, S. G., and Todd, D. R. (1991). “Ultimate strength of masonry shear walls: Prediction vs. test results.” NISTIR 4633, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD.
Haach, V., Vasconcelos, G., and Lourenço, P. (2010). “Experimental analysis of reinforced concrete block masonry walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng., 452–462.
Hamid, A. A., Abboud, B. E., and Harris, H. G. (1985). “Direct modelling of concrete block masonry under axial compression.” Masonry: Research, application and problems, J. C. Grogan and J. T. Conway, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 151–166.
Harries, K., Moulton, J., and Clemson, R. (2004). “Parametric study of coupled wall behavior—Implications for the design of coupling beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 480–488.
Harris, H. G., and Sabnis, G. M. (1999). Structural modeling and experimental techniques, 2nd Ed., CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL.
Heerema, P., Shedid, M., and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2015a). “Seismic response analysis of a reinforced concrete block shear wall asymmetric building.” J. Struct. Eng., 141(7), 04014178.
Heerema, P., Shedid, M., Konstantinidis, D., and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2015b). “System-level seismic performance assessment of an asymmetrical reinforced concrete block shear wall building.” J. Struct. Eng., 04015047.
Hoenderkamp, J. C. D. (2012). “Degree of coupling in high-rise mixed shear wall structures.” Indian Acad. Sci., 37(4), 481–492.
Leiva, G. H. (1991). “Seismic resistance of two story masonry walls with openings” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX.
MSJC (Masonry Standards Joint Committee). (2013). “Building code requirements for masonry structures.” TMS 402-13/ASCE 5-13/ACI 530-13, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI; ASCE, Reston, VA; and The Masonry Society, Detroit.
Park, R., and Paulay, T. (1975). Reinforced concrete structures, Wiley, New York.
Paulay, T., and Priestly, M. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, Wiley, New York.
Priestley, M. J. N. (1976). “Cyclic testing of heavily reinforced concrete masonry shear walls.”, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Priestley, M. (1986). “Seismic design of concrete masonry shear walls.” ACI Struct. J., 83(1), 58–68.
Priestley, M. J. N., and Elder, D. M. (1982). “Seismic behaviour of slender concrete masonry shear walls.” Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Priestley, M. J. N., and Kowalsky, M. J. (1998). “Aspects of drift and ductility capacity of rectangular cantilever structural walls.” Bull. N. Z. Natl. Soc. Earthquake Eng., 31(2), 73–85.
Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G. M. (1996). Seismic design and retrofit of bridges, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Priestly, N., Calvi, G., and Kowalsky, M. (2007). Displacement-based seismic design of structures, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
Shedid, M. (2009). “Ductility of concrete block shear wall structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, McMaster Univ., Ontario, Canada.
Shedid, M., and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2014). “Plastic hinge model and displacement-based seismic design parameter quantifications for reinforced concrete block structural walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 04013090.
Shedid, M., El-Dakhakhni, W., and Drysdale, R. (2010a). “Characteristics of rectangular, flanged and end-confined reinforced concrete masonry shear walls for seismic design.” J. Struct. Eng., 1471–1482.
Shedid, M., El-Dakhakhni, W., and Drysdale, R. (2010b). “Seismic performance parameters for reinforced concrete-block shear wall construction.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 4–18.
Shedid, M. T., El-Dakhakhni, W. W., and Drysdale, R. G. (2010c). “Alternative strategies to enhance the seismic performance of reinforced concrete-block shear wall systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 676–689.
Stafford Smith, B., and Coull, A. (1991). Tall building structures: Analysis and design, Wiley, New York.
Tomaževič, M. (1999). Earthquake resistant design of masonry buildings, Imperial College Press, London.
Vasconcelos, G., and Lourenço, P. B. (2009). “In-plane experimental behavior of stone masonry walls under cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng., 1269–1277.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 18, 2014
Accepted: May 4, 2015
Published online: Jul 29, 2015
Discussion open until: Dec 29, 2015
Published in print: Aug 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.