Abstract
Aftershock ground motions are essential for the study of aftershock synthesis into seismic risk. However, the number of available aftershock records is limited, which necessitates that the methods for synthesizing aftershocks to be developed. This paper aims to propose a methodology to synthesize aftershocks based on the information of the mainshocks, which is able to incorporate the uncertainties of ground motions and can be utilized in seismic risk analysis. The proposed method is illustrated by application to risk analysis for two nonductile RC frame buildings and is validated by comparing with the results obtained from using as-recorded mainshock-aftershock (MS-AS) sequences. The results calculated when only mainshocks are considered are also studied to investigate the MS-AS effects. The paper shows that the synthesized MS-AS sequences using the proposed method can yield results statistically close to the as-recorded sequences. The results also reveal that only considering the mainshock will underestimate the seismic risk but the underestimation is limited.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research reported in this paper was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Civil, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Innovation (CMMI) under Grant No. CMMI-1100423. The support is gratefully acknowledged. However, the writers take sole responsibility for the views expressed in this paper, which may not represent the position of the NSF or their respective institutions. The writers also thank Dr. Nicolas Luco at the USGS for contribution to this project.
References
Abrahamson, N. A., and Silva, W. J. (1996). “Empirical ground motion models.” Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York.
Abrahamson, N. A., and Silva, W. J. (1997). “Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallow crustal earthquakes.” Seismol. Res. Lett., 68(1), 94–127.
Abrahamson, N. A., and Silva, W. J. (2008). “Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground-motion relations.” Earthq. Spec., 24(1), 67–97.
Amadio, C., Fragiacomo, M., and Rajgelj, S. (2003). “The effects of repeated earthquake ground motions on the non-linear response of SDOF systems.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 32(2), 291–308.
Asano, Y., et al. (2011). “Spatial distribution and focal mechanisms of aftershocks of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake.” Earth Planet. Space, 63(7), 669–673.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.”, Reston, VA.
Aschheim, M., and Black, E. (1999). “Effects of prior earthquake damage on response of simple stiffness-degrading structures.” Earthq. Spec., 15(1), 1–24.
Aslani, H., and Miranda, E. (2005). “Probability-based seismic response analysis.” Eng. Struct., 27(8), 1151–1163.
Applied Technology Council (ATC). (2008). “Reducing the risks of nonstructural earthquake damage—State-of-the-art and practice report.”, Redwood City, CA.
Båth, M. (1965). “Lateral inhomogeneities of the upper mantle.” Tectonophysics, 2(6), 483–514.
Boore, D. M., Joyner, W. B., and Fumal, T. E. (1997). “Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from western North American earthquakes: A summary of recent work.” Seismol. Res. Lett., 68(1), 128–153.
Campbell, K. W., and Bozorgnia, Y. (2003). “Updated near-source ground-motion (attenuation) relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93(1), 314–331.
Celik, O. C., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2008). “Modeling beam-column joints in fragility assessment of gravity load designed reinforced concrete frames.” J. Earthq. Eng., 12(3), 357–381.
Celik, O. C., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2009). “Seismic risk assessment of gravity load designed reinforced concrete frames subjected to mid-America ground motions.” J. Struct. Eng., 414–424.
Celik, O. C., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2010). “Seismic fragilities for non-ductile reinforced concrete frames—Role of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties.” Struct. Saf., 32(1), 1–12.
Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD). (2013). 〈http://www.strongmotioncenter.org/〉 (Apr. 24, 2013).
Cornell, C. A., Jalayer, F., Hamburger, R. O., and Foutch, D. A. (2002). “Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC federal emergency management agency steel moment frame guidelines.” J. Struct. Eng., 526–533.
Elenas, A., and Meskouris, K. (2001). “Correlation study between seismic acceleration parameters and damage indices of structures.” Eng. Struct., 23(6), 698–704.
FEMA. (2000a). “Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of the buildings.”, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2000b). “Recommended seismic design criteria for new steel moment-frame buildings.”, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2009). “Multi-hazard loss estimation methodology.” Earthquake model, HAZUS-MH MR4 technical manual, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2012). “Reducing the risks of nonstructural earthquake damage.”, Washington, DC.
Gasparini, D., and Vanmarcke, E. H. (1976). “Simulated earthquake motions compatible with prescribed response spectra.”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Goda, K. (2012). “Nonlinear response potential of mainshock-aftershock sequences from Japanese earthquakes.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 102(5), 2139–2156.
Haselton, C. B., Whittaker, A. S., Hortacsu, A., Baker, J. W., Bray, J., and Grant, D. N. (2012). “Selecting and scaling earthquake ground motions for performing response-history analyses.” Proc., World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo, Japan.
Hatzigeorgiou, G. D., and Liolios, A. A. (2010). “Nonlinear behaviour of RC frames under repeated strong ground motions.” Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30(10), 1010–1025.
Hauksson, E., Jones, L. M., and Hutton, K. (1995). “The 1994 Northridge earthquake sequence in California: Seismological and tectonic aspects.” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 100(B7), 12335–12355.
Helmstetter, A., and Sornette, D. (2003). “Båth’s law derived from the Gutenberg-Richter law and from aftershock properties.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(20), 2069.
Huang, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, T., and Zhang, D. (2008). “Relocation of the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershock sequence.” Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci., 51(12), 1703–1711.
Jeon, J. S., DesRoches, R., Brilakis, I., and Lowes, L. N. (2012). “Aftershock fragility curves for damaged non-ductile reinforced concrete buildings.” Proc., World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo, Japan.
Kamiyama, M. (1984). “Effects of subsoil conditions and other factors on the duration of earthquake ground shaking.” Proc., World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo, Japan.
Kao, H., and Chen, W. P. (2000). “The Chi-Chi earthquake sequence: Active, out-of-sequence thrust faulting in Taiwan.” Science, 288(5475), 2346–2349.
Kempton, J. J., and Stewart, J. P. (2006). “Prediction equations for significant duration of earthquake ground motions considering site and near-source effects.” Earthq. Spec., 22(4), 985–1013.
Kumitani, S., and Takada, T. (2008). “Probabilistic assessment of buildings damage considering aftershocks of earthquakes.” Proc., World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo, Japan.
Lee, K., and Foutch, D. A. (2004). “Performance evaluation of damaged steel frame buildings subjected to seismic loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 588–599.
Li, Q., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2007). “Performance evaluation and damage assessment of steel frame buildings under main shock-aftershock earthquake sequences.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 36(3), 405–427.
Liel, A. B., and Deierlein, G. G. (2008). “Assessing the collapse risk of California’s existing reinforced concrete frame structures: Metrics for seismic safety decisions.”, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Mahin, S. A. (1980). “Effects of duration and aftershocks on inelastic design earthquakes.” Proc., World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Tokyo, Japan.
McKay, M. D., Beckman, R. J., and Conover, W. J. (2000). “A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code.” Technometrics, 42(1), 55–61.
McKenna, F., and Fenves, G. L. (2013). Open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSees) command language manual, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L. (2010). “Nonlinear finite element analysis software architecture using object composition.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 95–107.
Nazari, N., van de Lindt, J., and Li, Y. (2013). “Effect of mainshock-aftershock sequences on woodframe building damage fragilities.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 04014036.
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). (2013). 〈http://peer.berkeley.edu/peer_ground_motion_database〉 (Apr. 20, 2013).
Park, R., Priestley, M. J., and Gill, W. D. (1982). “Ductility of square confined concrete columns.” J. Struct. Div., 108(4), 929–950.
Power, M., Chiou, B., Abrahamson, N., Bozorgnia, Y., Shantz, T., and Roblee, C. (2008). “An overview of the NGA project.” Earthq. Spec., 24(1), 3–21.
Rathje, E. M., Abrahamson, N. A., and Bray, J. D. (1998). “Simplified frequency content estimates of earthquake ground motions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 150–159.
Rosenblueth, E., and Meli, R. (1986). “The 1985 Mexico earthquake: Causes and effects in Mexico City.” Concr. Int., 8(5), 23–34.
Ruiz-García, J., and Negrete-Manriquez, J. C. (2011). “Evaluation of drift demands in existing steel frames under as-recorded far-field and near-fault mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences.” Eng. Struct., 33(2), 621–634.
Shcherbakov, R., Turcotte, D. L., and Rundle, J. B. (2004). “A generalized Omori’s law for earthquake aftershock decay.” Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(11).
Smyrou, E., Tasiopoulou, P., Bal, I. E., Gazetas, G., and Vintzileou, E. (2011). “Structural and geotechnical aspects of the Christchurch (2011) and Darfield (2010) earthquakes in N. Zealand.” Proc., National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE), Wellington, New Zealand.
Sunasaka, Y., and Kiremidjian, A. (1993). “A method for structural safety evaluation under mainshock-aftershock earthquake sequences.”, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
USGS. (2013). “U.S. geological survey.” 〈http://www.usgs.gov/〉 (May 10, 2013).
Utsu, T. (1961). “A statistical study on the occurrence of aftershocks.” Geophys. Mag., 30, 521–605.
Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, C. A. (2002). “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), 491–514.
Whittaker, A. S., and Soong, T. T. (2003). “An overview of nonstructural components research at three US earthquake engineering research centers.” Proc., Applied Technology Council (ATC) Seminar on Seismic Design, Performance, and Retrofit of Nonstructural Components in Critical Facilities, Redwood City, CA.
Yeo, G. L., and Cornell, C. A. (2009). “A probabilistic framework for quantification of aftershock ground-motion hazard in California: Methodology and parametric study.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38(1), 45–60.
Yin, Y. J., and Li, Y. (2011). “Loss estimation of light-frame wood construction subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 504–513.
Yun, S. Y., and Foutch, D. A. (2000). “Performance prediction and evaluation of low ductility steel moment frames for seismic loads.”, SAC Joint Venture, Richmond, CA.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 29 • Issue 3 • June 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 14, 2013
Accepted: Feb 11, 2014
Published online: Feb 13, 2014
Discussion open until: Jan 18, 2015
Published in print: Jun 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.