Abstract
This paper presents the results of a test program whose goal was to better understand the contribution of individual elements to the performance of typical light-frame wood structures during tsunami loading. The intent was to be able to replicate failures in a structural engineering laboratory that were observed during laboratory experiments of hydraulic loading on wood walls at the NEES Tsunami Facility at Oregon State University. The elastic and inelastic response of shear walls, out-of-plane walls, and a full light-frame wood structural system subjected to varying lateral loads were observed using digital image correlation (DIC). The DIC provided a noncontact, three-dimensional measurement system that returned displacement results measured at multiple areas of interest on the wall surface. Overall, these experiments show that the elastic stiffness and ultimate capacity of the shear wall is significantly higher at full height than intermediate heights on the wall, and the ultimate lateral capacity was higher than a full structural system. The results indicate that the out-of-plane wall behaves like a one-way slab with limited contribution from adjacent studs in carrying load. The stud to bottom plate connection failures observed during the wave tank tests were successfully reproduced and indicate that the nailed connection needs to be reinforced to utilize the available capacity of the individual framing members.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMMI-0830378. The opinions and statements in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NSF. The authors thank Milo Clauson and the Gene D. Knudson Wood Engineering Laboratory staff for their assistance in this project.
References
Arikawa, T. (2009). “Structural behavior under impulsive tsunami loading.” J. Disast. Res., 4(6), 377–381.
ASTM. (2000). “Standard method of static load test for shear resistance of framed walls for buildings.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
Choi, D., Thorpe, J., and Hanna, R. (1991). “Image analysis to measure strain in wood and paper.” Wood Sci. Technol., 25(4), 251–262.
Correlated Solutions. (2010). Vic 3D user’s manual, West Columbia, SC.
Garcia, R. A. (2008). “Wave and surge loading on light-frame wood structures.” M.S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO.
Groat, C. G. (2005). Statement of C.G. groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Before the Committee of Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
International Code Council (ICC). (2008). 2008 Oregon residential specialty code, Country Club Hills, IL.
Linton, D. (2012). “Tsunami loading on light-frame wood structures.” M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR.
Linton, D., Gupta, R., Cox, D., van de Lindt, J., Oshnack, M. E., and Clauson, M. (2013). “Evaluation of tsunami loads on wood frame walls at full scale.” J. Struct. Eng., 1318–1325.
Lukkunaprasit, P., and Ruangrassamee, A. (2008). “Building damage in Thailand in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and clues for tsunami-resistant design.” IES J. Part A: Civ. Struct. Eng., 1(1), 17–30.
Polensek, A., and Gromala, D. (1984). “Probability distributions for wood walls in bending.” J. Struct. Eng., 619–636.
Ramsden, J. (1996). “Forces on a vertical wall due to long waves, bores, and dry-bed surges.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 134–141.
Rosowsky, D., Yu, G., and Bulliet, W. (2005). “Reliability of light-frame wall systems subject to combined axial and transverse loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 1444–1455.
Sinha, S., and Gupta, R. (2009). “Strain distribution in OSB and GWB in wood-frame shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 666–675.
van de Lindt, J., Gupta, R., Cox, D. T., and Wilson, J. (2009). “Wave impact study on a residential building.” J. Disast. Res., 4(6), 419–426.
van de Lindt, J., Pei, S., Pryor, S., Shimizu, H., and Isoda, H. (2010). “Experimental seismic response of a full-scale six-story light-frame wood building.” J. Struct. Eng., 1262–1272.
Wilson, J., Gupta, R., van de Lindt, J., Clauson, M., Garcia, R. (2009). “Behavior of a one-sixth scale wood-framed residential structure under wave loading.” J. Perform. Construct. Facil., 336–345.
Winkel, M., and Smith, I. (2010). “Structural behavior of wood light-frame wall subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane forces.” J. Struct. Eng., 826–836.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 29 • Issue 1 • February 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 8, 2012
Accepted: Jun 12, 2013
Published online: Jun 15, 2013
Discussion open until: Nov 18, 2014
Published in print: Feb 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.