Forensic Diagnosis on Flood-Induced Bridge Failure. II: Framework of Quantitative Assessment
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 28, Issue 1
Abstract
The failure of the Shuang-Yuan Bridge in Taiwan caused by floods associated with Typhoon Morakot in August 2009 prompted this forensic investigation into its causes. The investigation found multiple factors for the bridge failure: (1) flood flows, (2) river-bend-induced skewed flow, and (3) the effects induced by extended foundation caps and rafted woody debris. A qualitative assessment framework, which includes hydraulic computation, a fluid-solid-coupled model, and foundation stability analysis, is introduced to develop scenario simulations and forensic diagnosis to identify the main causes of the bridge failure. The watershed-wide and local hydraulic conditions are reconstructed using hydraulic computation. The flow field, dynamic water-pressure distributions, scour formation, flood resistance, and flood thrust are efficiently simulated using a fluid-solid-coupled model and foundation stability analysis around the bridge foundations under different hydraulic and environmental conditions. The forensic diagnosis results show that river flooding, extended foundations, skewed flow, and rafted wood aggravated the scour depths and undermined the flood-resistant capacity of the bridge at different severities. In particular, rafted wood contributed to individual fracturing of the bridge piles.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This forensic investigation was supported by a grant from the Third District Maintenance Construction Office, the Directorate General of Highways of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, in Taiwan. The authors greatly appreciate the financial support and assistance of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications.
References
Applied Technology Council (ATC). (1996). “Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings.” Rep. ATC-40, Redwood City, CA.
Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). (1988). “Recommendations for design of building foundations.” Tokyo (in Japanese).
China Engineering Consultants (CECI). (2009). An investigation memoir for bridge failures in Typhoon Morakot, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
China Engineering Consultants (CECI). (2011). “Cause analysis on the Shuang-Yuan Bridge collapse in Typhoon Morakot.” Report to the Third District Maintenance Construction Office, Directorate General of Highways, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
Chiou, J.-S., Yang, H.-H., and Chen, C.-H. (2009). “Use of plastic hinge model in nonlinear pushover analysis of a pile.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1341–1346.
Computers and Structures (CSI). (2009). Modeling and optimized design of structures using SAP2000, version 15, Walnut Creek, CA.
Hydrological Engineering Center. (2010). HEC-RAS river analysis system user's manual, version 4.1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, CA.
Japan Road Association (JRA). (1996). Design specifications for highway bridges, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Ko, Y.-Y., Chang, W.-K., and Chen, C.-H. (2010). “Development of damage evaluation techniques for structural foundation, Part I.” NCREE Rep. NCREE-10-004, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
Ko, Y.-Y., Chiou, J.-S., Tsai, Y.-C., and Chen, C.-H. (2012). “An evaluation on flood resistant capacity of scoured bridges.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-6), Societe Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), Paris, 1167–1175.
Lagasse, P. F., Schall, J. D., and Richardson, E. V. (2001). “Stream stability at highway structures.” FHWA Rep. DTFH61-00-T-25060 (HEC-20), 3rd Ed., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Lagasse, P. F., Zevenbergen, L. W., Schall, J. D., and Clopper, P. E. (2009). “Bridge scour and stream instability countermeasures experience, selection, and design guidance.” FHWA Rep. DTFH61-00-T-25060 (HEC-23), 3rd Ed., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Lin, C., Shi, B.-C., Lou, C.-R., and Huang, C.-K. (2004). “Establishing the close stage of river-crossing bridges.” Rep. to the Directorate General of Highways, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
Liu, P. L.-F., Wu, T.-R., Raichlen, F., Synolakis, C., and Borrero, J. (2005). “Runup and rundown from three-dimensional sliding masses.” J. Fluid Mech., 536, 107–144.
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). (2009). Truchas user's manual, version 2.5.3, Los Alamos, NM.
Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China (MOTC). (2009). Design specifications for highway bridges, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering (CCHE). (2005). CCHE2D-GUI–graphical interface for the CCHE2D model, user's manual, Version 2.2, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS.
Richardson, E. V., and Davis, S. R. (2001). “Evaluating scour at bridges.” FHWA Rep. DTFH61-00-T-25060 (HEC-18), 4th Ed., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Wang, C.-Y., and Wang, H. (2012). “Performance of bridges in Taiwan under extreme typhoon-induced multiple hazards.” Proc., 2012 Taiwan-Japan Bridge Workshop, China Engineering Consultants, Taipei, Taiwan, 47–67.
Wang, H., Hsieh, S.-C., Lin, C., and Wang, C.-Y. (2014). “Forensic diagnosis on flood-induced bridge failure. I: Determination of the possible causes of failure.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 76–84.
Wang, H., Wang, C.-Y., Chen, C.-H., Lin, C., and Wu, T.-R. (2011). “An integrated evaluation on flood resistance of bridge foundations.” Sino-Geotechnics, 127, 51–60 (in Chinese).
Water Resources Agency (WRA). (2009). “Analysis on rainfall and discharge during Typhoon Morakot.” Water Resources Agency Report to Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
Wu, T.-R., Huang, C.-J., Chuang, M.-H., Wang, C.-Y., and Chu, C.-R. (2011a). “Dynamic coupling of multi-phase fluids with a moving obstacle.” J. Mar. Sci. Technol., 19(6), 643–650.
Wu, T.-R., Wang, C.-Y., Huang, C.-J., Chuang, M.-H., Chen, M.-Z., and Chen, T.-Y. (2011b). “Numerical study on the scoured bridge by debris flow and drafting wood, Part I.” CECI Project Rep. 99930, China Engineering Consultants, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
Wu, T.-R., Wang, C.-Y., Huang, C.-J., Chuang, M.-H., Chen, M.-Z., and Chen, T.-Y. (2012). “Numerical study on the scoured bridge by debris flow and drafting wood, Part II.” CECI Project Rep. 00939, China Engineering Consultants, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
Yau, N.-J., Liao, S.-G., and Chuang, Y.-H. (2012). “Taiwan bridge management system.” Elite Training for Bridge Maintenance and Management Technologies: Training Course, China Engineering Consultants, Taipei, Taiwan, 251–338 (in Chinese).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 1, 2012
Accepted: Sep 10, 2012
Published online: Sep 12, 2012
Published in print: Feb 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.