Technical Papers
Mar 5, 2012

Inspection and Diagnosis System for Wood Flooring

Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 27, Issue 5

Abstract

This paper presents an expert system to support the inspection and diagnosis of wood applied as a floor covering [wood flooring (WF)]. The defects that may affect WF along with their probable causes are classified in this system. The inspection system also embraces the correlation matrices between defects and between defects and probable causes, the classification of the diagnosis methods, and the repair techniques suitable for each WF defect. This paper also includes an example of an individual defect file containing a complete characterization and the most suitable diagnosis methods and repair techniques. This inspection system was validated through standard inspections of 90 WFs applied indoors and eight applied in exterior areas, in a total of 35 buildings.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The writers are grateful for the support received from the Structural Engineering, Territory and Construction Research Institute (ICIST), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Technical University of Lisbon, and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).

References

Berry, Robert W. (1994). Remedial treatment of wood rot and insect attack in buildings, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, U.K., 134.
Branco, F. A., and de Brito, J. (2004). Handbook of concrete bridge management, ASCE, Reston, VA, 468.
Capuz, R. (2003). “Non-destructive test methods for the evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of wood.” Ph.D. thesis, Polytechnic Univ. of Valencia, Spain (in Spanish).
Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid (COAM). (1991). Pathology, conservation and rehabilitation of buildings, Vol. 1, 3, and 4, Madrid, Spain (in Spanish).
Delgado, A. (2008). “Support system for inspection and diagnosis of wood flooring.” M.S. thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical Univ. of Lisbon, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Esteban, L., Casasús, A., Oramas, C., and de Palacios, P. (2002). Wood and its technology. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, Fundación Conde del Valle de Salazar AiTiM, Madrid, Spain, 336 (in Spanish).
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (1994a). “Durability of wood and wood-based products: Natural durability of solid wood. Guide to the durability requirements for wood to be used in hazard classes.” EN 460, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (1994b). “Durability of wood and wood-based products: Natural durability of solid wood. Part 1: Guide to the principles of testing and classification of the natural durability of wood.” EN 350-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (1994c). “Durability of wood and wood-based products–Natural durability of solid wood–Part 2: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe.” EN 350-2, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (1995). “Durability of wood and wood-based products: Definition of hazard classes of biological attack. Part 3: Application to wood-based panels.” EN335-3, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2002a). “Wood flooring: Mosaic parquet elements.” EN 13488, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2002b). “Wood flooring. Solid lamparquet products.” EN 13227, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2002c). “Wood flooring solid wood overlay flooring elements including blocks with an interlocking system.” EN 13228, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2003). “Structural timber.” EN 338, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2004). “Design of timber structures. Part 1-1: General––common rules and rules for buildings.” EN 1995-1-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2005). “Wood flooring: Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking.” EN 14342, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2006a). “Durability of wood and wood-based products: Definition of use classes. Part 1: Generalities.” EN 335-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2006b). “Durability of wood and wood-based products: Definition of use classes. Part 2: Application to solid wood.” EN 335-2, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2008). “Wood flooring: Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking.” EN14342-A1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2009a). “Wood flooring: Multi-layer parquet elements.” EN 13489, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee of Standardization (CEN). (2009b). “Wood flooring. Solid parquet elements with grooves and/or tongues.” EN 13226, Brussels, Belgium.
Gaião, C., de Brito, J., and Silvestre, J. D. (2011). “Inspection and diagnosis of gypsum plasterboard walls.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 25(3), 172–180.
Garcia, J., and de Brito, J. (2008). “Inspection and diagnosis of epoxy resin industrial floor coatings.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 20(2), 128–136.
Grüll, G., Truskaller, M., Podgorski, L., Bollmus, S., and Tscherne, F. (2011). “Maintenance procedures and definition of limit states for exterior wood coatings.” Euro. J. Wood. Wood Prod., 69, 443–450.
Hiziroglu, S. (2004). “Dimensional changes in wood.” NREM-5009, Oklahoma State Univ., Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Stillwater, OK.
Keskin, H., and Tekin, H. (2011). “Abrasion resistances of cellulosic, synthetic, polyurethane, waterborne and acid hardening varnishes used woods.” Construct. Build. Mater., 25(2), 638–643.
Kim, S. and Kim, H.-J. (2006). “Anti-bacterial performance of colloidal silver-treated laminate wood flooring.” Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 57(3), 155–162.
Machado, J. S., Sardinha, R. A., and Cruz, H. (2005). “Knot detection and evaluation by ultrasound.” Wood and fiber science, Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA.
Makepeace, J. (1993). Encyclopaedia of wood, Facts on File, New York.
Meinlschmidt, P. (2005). “Thermographic detection of defects in wood and wood-based materials.” 14th Int. Symp. of Nondestructive Testing of Wood, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany.
Merino, F. (1998). Pathology and intervention techniques. Structural elements. Cap. II: Recovery of wood structures. Pathology of wood, Vol. 3, Dept. de Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid, Editorial Munilla-Lería, Madrid, Spain, 255–276 (in Spanish).
Neto, N., and de Brito, J. (2011). “Inspection and defect diagnosis system for natural stone cladding (NSC).” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 23(10), 1433–1443.
Nunes, L. and Cruz, H. (2003). “Fungal degradation of wood in buildings.” RILEM Int. Conf. on Microbial Impact on Building Materials. M. Ribas Silva, ed., RILEM, Baneux, France, 84–93.
Pereira, A., Palha, F., de Brito, J., and Silvestre, J. D. (2011). “Inspection and diagnosis system for gypsum plasters in partition walls and ceilings.” Const. Build. Mater., 25(4), 2146–2156.
Silvestre, J. D., and de Brito, J. (2009). “Ceramic tiling inspection system.” Construct. Build. Mater., 23(2), 653–668.
Silvestre, J. D., and de Brito, J. (2010). “Inspection and repair of ceramic tiling within a building management system.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 22(1), 39–48.
Van den Bulcke, J., De Windt, I, Defoirdt, N, De Smet, J., and Van Acker, J. (2011). “Moisture dynamics and fungal susceptibility of plywood.” Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 65(5), 708–716.
Walter, A., de Brito, J., and Grandão, L. J. (2005). “Current flat roof bituminous membranes waterproofing systems—Inspection, diagnosis and pathology classification.” Construct. Build. Mater., 19(3), 233–242.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 27Issue 5October 2013
Pages: 564 - 574

History

Received: Aug 20, 2011
Accepted: Mar 2, 2012
Published online: Mar 5, 2012
Published in print: Oct 1, 2013

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Master in Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]
J. de Brito [email protected]
Full Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources, Instituto Superior Técnico of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]
J. D. Silvestre [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources, Instituto Superior Técnico of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share