Effect of Initial Static Loadings on Dynamic Shear Performance of BFRP-Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 26, Issue 5
Abstract
To better understand the effect of initial static loading on the dynamic shear performance of concrete deep beams reinforced with basalt fiber–reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars, a three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model was established considering the strain rate effect of each material and the interaction between concrete and BFRP bars. The effect of the initial static loading on the damage evolution and failure mechanism of the concrete deep beams (shear span ratio λ = 1.0) reinforced with BFRP bars (BFRP-RC deep beams) with different stirrup ratios was analyzed. The results prove that: (1) the shear capacity, failure mode, and deformation capacity of BFRP-RC deep beams have a strain rate effect, that is, the shear capacity, deformation capacity, and damage degree of beams increase with the increase of strain rate; (2) the increase of strain rate and stirrup ratio can improve the shear capacity and deformation capacity of beams, while the strain rate plays the leading role; and (3) the shear capacity, deformation capacity, and damage degree of BFRP-reinforced concrete deep beam decrease as the initial static loading increases under different strain rates. However, the increase in strain rate will weaken the effect of initial static loading on the dynamic performance of the beams.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51822801 and 51978022) and the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1504302). The support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Abed, F., A. El Refai, and S. Abdalla. 2019. “Experimental and finite element investigation of the shear performance of BFRP-RC short beams.” Structures 20: 689–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.06.019.
Adhikary, S. D., B. Li, and K. Fujikake. 2012. “Dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete beams under varying rates of concentrated loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 47: 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.02.001.
Adhikary, S. D., B. Li, and K. Fujikake. 2013. “Strength and behavior in shear of reinforced concrete deep beams under dynamic loading conditions.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 259: 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.02.016.
Bažant, Z. P., W. H. Gu, and K. T. Faber. 1995. “Softening reversal and other effects of a change in loading rate on fracture of concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 92 (1): 3–9.
Bi, Q. W. 2012. Experimental research on the micro-structure of basalt fiber reinforced concrete and the oblique section bearing capacity of the BFRP bars reinforced fiber concrete beams. [In Chinese.] Dalian, China: Dalian Univ. of Technology.
Bischoff, P. H., and S. H. Perry. 1991. “Compressive behaviour of concrete at high strain rates.” Mater. Struct. 24 (6): 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472016.
Carta, G., and F. Stochino. 2013. “Theoretical models to predict the flexural failure of reinforced concrete beams under blast loads.” Eng. Struct. 49: 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.008.
Chen, X., L. Ge, H. Yuan, and J. Zhou. 2016. “Effect of pre-static loading on dynamic tensile strength of concrete under high strain rates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (12): 06016018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001698.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and R. Realfonzo. 1995. “Analytical and numerical modeling of the bond behavior between FRP reinforcing bars and concrete.” In Non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures, edited by L. Taerwe. London: RILEM.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and R. Realfonzo. 1996. “Bond characteristics and anchorage length of FRP rebars.” In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, edited by M. El-Badry. Montréal, QC: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.
Cruz, J. S., and J. Barros. 2004. “Modeling of bond between near-surface mounted CFRP laminate strips and concrete.” Compos. Struct. 82 (17–19): 1513–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.03.047.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2012. Design and construction of building structures with fib-reinforced polymers. S806-12. Rexdale, ON, Canada: CSA.
Dey, V., A. Bonakdar, and B. Mobasher. 2014. “Low-velocity flexural impact response of fiber-reinforced aerated concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 49: 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.12.006.
Eligehausen, R., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero. 1983. Local bond stress-slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations. NSF/CEE-83036. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
fib (fédération international du béton). 2010. Fib model code for concrete structures. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Federation for Structural Concrete.
Fuller, W. B., and S. E. Thompson. 1907. “The laws of proportioning concrete.” Trans. ASCE 59 (2): 67–143.
Godat, A., K. W. Neale, and P. Labossière. 2007. “Numerical modeling of FRP shear-strengthened reinforced concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (6): 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:6(640).
Godat, A., Z. Qu, X. Z. Lu, P. Labossière, L. P. Ye, and K. W. Neale. 2010. “Size effects for reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear with CFRP strips.” J. Compos. Constr. 14 (3): 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000072.
Grote, D. L., S. W. Park, and M. Zhou. 2001. “Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I. Experimental characterization.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 25 (9): 869–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00020-3.
Hao, Y., and H. Hao. 2013. “Numerical investigation of the dynamic compressive behaviour of rock materials at high strain rate.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 46 (2): 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0268-4.
Hao, Y., and H. Hao. 2014. “Influence of the concrete DIF model on the numerical predictions of RC wall responses to blast loadings.” Eng. Struct. 73: 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.042.
Huang, Y. J., Z. J. Yang, X. W. Chen, and G. H. Liu. 2016. “Monte Carlo simulations of meso-scale dynamic compressive behavior of concrete based on X-ray computed tomography images.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 97: 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.06.009.
Imanzadeh, S., A. Jarno, A. Hibouche, A. Bouarar, and S. Taibi. 2020. “Ductility analysis of vegetal-fiber reinforced raw earth concrete by mixture design.” Constr. Build. Mater. 239: 117829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117829.
Jin, L., X. A. Jiang, H. Xia, F. Chen, and X. Du. 2020a. “Size effect in shear failure of lightweight concrete beams wrapped with CFRP without stirrups: Influence of fiber ratio.” Composites, Part B 199: 108257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108257.
Jin, L., Y. Lei, and X. Du. 2021a. “Comparison of size effect in shear failure of BFRP and steel-reinforced concrete deep beams.” [In Chinese.] China Civ. Eng. J.
Jin, L., Y. Lei, B. Song, X. Jiang, and X. Du. 2021b. “Meso-scale modelling of size effect on shear behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete deep beams.” Compos. Struct. (Under review).
Jin, L., Y. Lei, W. Yu, and X. Du. 2021c. “Dynamic shear failure and size effect in BFRP-reinforced concrete deep beam.” Eng. Struct. 245: 112951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112951.
Jin, L., K. Lu, Y. S. Lei, X. Du, and W. X. Yu. 2022. “Dynamic size effect in shear behavior of BFRP reinforced concrete beams without stirrups with different shear-span ratios.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 161: 104103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.104103.
Jin, L., H. Yang, R. Zhang, and X. Du. 2021d. “A multi-stage mesoscopic numerical approach to simulate the flexural behavior of concrete beams with corroded rebars.” Eng. Struct. 245: 112913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112913.
Jin, L., W. Yu, and X. Du. 2020b. “Effect of initial static load and dynamic load on concrete dynamic compressive failure.” J. Mater. Eng. 32 (12): 04020351.
Jin, L., W. Yu, X. Du, and W. Yang. 2019. “Dynamic size effect of concrete under tension: A numerical study.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 132: 103318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.103318.
Jin, L., W. Yu, D. Li, and X. Du. 2021e. “Numerical and theoretical investigation on the size effect of concrete compressive strength considering the maximum aggregate size.” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 192: 106130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.106130.
Khandelwal, M., and P. G. Ranjith. 2013. “Behaviour of brittle material in multiple loading rates under uniaxial compression.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 31 (4): 1305–1315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9651-5.
Kim, H. S., and Y. S. Shin. 2011. “Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams retrofitted with hybrid fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) under sustaining loads.” Compos. Struct. 93 (2): 802–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.07.013.
Kulkarni, S. M., and S. P. Shah. 1998. “Response of reinforced concrete beams at high rates.” ACI Struct. J. 95 (6): 705–715.
Lee, J., and G. L. Fenves. 1998. “Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures.” J. Eng. Mech. 124 (8): 892–900. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:8(892).
Lin, G., D. Yan, and Y. Yuan. 2007. “Response of concrete to dynamic elevated-amplitude cyclic tension.” ACI Mater. J. 104 (6): 561.
Lubliner, J., J. Oliver, S. Oller, and E. Oñate. 1989. “A plastic-damage model for concrete.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 25 (3): 299–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(89)90050-4.
Luo, W., J. L. Le, M. Rasoolinejad, and Z. P. Bažant. 2021. “Coefficient of variation of shear strength of RC beams and size effect.” J. Eng. Mech. 147 (2): 04020144. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001879.
Malvar, L. J. 1995. “Tensile and bond properties of GFRP reinforcing bars.” ACI Mater. J. 92 (3): 276–285.
MoC Ministry of Construction). 2010. Technical code for infrastructure application of FRP composites. GB 50608. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press.
Mutsuyoshi, H., and A. Machida. 1984. “Properties and failure of reinforced concrete members subjected to dynamic loading.” Trans JCI 6: 521–528.
Naderi, S., W. Tu, and M. Zhang. 2021. “Meso-scale modelling of compressive fracture in concrete with irregularly shaped aggregates.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 140: 106317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106317.
Nepomuceno, E., J. Sena-Cruz, L. Correia, and T. D’Antino. 2021. “Review on the bond behavior and durability of FRP bars to concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 287: 123042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123042.
Park, R. 1989. “Evaluation of ductility of structures and structural assemblages from laboratory testing.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake 22 (3): 155–166.
Peng, R., W. Qiu, and F. Teng. 2020. “Three-dimensional meso-numerical simulation of heterogeneous concrete under freeze-thaw.” Constr. Build. Mater. 250: 118573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118573.
Rasoolinejad, M., A. A. Dönmez, and Z. P. Bažant. 2020. “Fracture and size effect suppression by mesh reinforcement of concrete and justification of empirical shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in design codes.” J. Eng. Mech. 146 (10): 04020120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001850.
Rodrigues, H., A. Arêde, H. Varum, and A. G. Costa. 2013. “Experimental evaluation of rectangular reinforced concrete column behaviour under biaxial cyclic loading.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (2): 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2205.
Song, Z., and Y. Lu. 2012. “Mesoscopic analysis of concrete under excessively high strain rate compression and implications on interpretation of test data.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 46 (6): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.01.010.
Tao, Z., Z. B. Wang, and Q. Yu. 2013. “Finite element modelling of concrete-filled steel stub columns under axial compression.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 89: 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.07.001.
Wang, X., S. Zhang, C. Wang, R. Song, C. Shang, and X. Fang. 2018. “Experimental investigation of the size effect of layered roller compacted concrete (RCC) under high-strain-rate loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 165: 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.033.
Wang, Z. M., A. K. H. Kwan, and H. C. Chan. 1999. “Mesoscopic study of concrete I: Generation of random aggregate structure and finite element mesh.” Comput. Struct. 70 (5): 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00177-1.
Wriggers, P., and S. O. Moftah. 2006. “Mesoscale models for concrete: Homogenisation and damage behaviour.” Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 42 (7): 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2005.11.008.
Wu, M., and C. Zhang. 2015. “Influence of static pre-loading on the dynamic bending strength of concrete with particle element modeling.” Sci. China Technol. Sci. 58 (2): 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-014-5671-5.
Wu, S., Y. Wang, D. Shen, and J. Zhou. 2012. “Experimental study on dynamic axial tensile mechanical properties of concrete and its components.” ACI Mater. J. 109 (5): 517–527.
Xiao, S. Y., and J. Zhang. 2010. “Experiment study on effect of load histories on dynamic compressive damage behaviors of concrete.” [In Chinese.] J. Hydraul. Eng. 41 (8): 943–952.
Xiong, Z., W. Wei, F. Liu, C. Cui, L. Li, R. Zou, and Y. Zeng. 2021. “Bond behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete with basalt fibre-reinforced polymer bars.” Compos. Struct. 256: 113078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113078.
Yan, D., and L. Gao. 2008. “Influence of initial static stress on the dynamic properties of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 30 (4): 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.11.004.
Yan, D., and G. Lin. 2006. “Dynamic properties of concrete in direct tension.” Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (7): 1371–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.003.
Yan, D., K. Liu, L. Fan, and Z. Yang. 2017. “An experimental investigation of pre-loading effects on the dynamic behaviour of concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (11): 586–594. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.16.00414.
Yi, W. J., B. Y. Ding, and H. Chen. 2017. “Experimental study on shear behavior of lightweight aggregate concrete beams without stirrups.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Struct. 38 (6): 123–132.
Yoo, D. Y., Y. S. Yoon, and N. Banthia. 2015. “Flexural response of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete beams: Effects of strength, fiber content, and strain-rate.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 64 (2): 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.10.001.
Yu, W., L. Jin, and X. Du. 2021a. “Influence of pre-static loads on dynamic compression and corresponding size effect of concrete: Mesoscale analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 300: 124302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124302.
Yu, Y., S. Lee, and J. Y. Cho. 2021b. “Deflection of reinforced concrete beam under low-velocity impact loads.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 154: 103878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103878.
Yuan, J. 2017. Research on shear capacity and reliability of RC beams. [In Chinese.] Changsha, China: Hunan Univ.
Zhang, H. 2018. Numerical simulation of dynamic shear failure of reinforced concrete beams. [In Chinese.] Dalian, China: Dalian Univ. of Technology.
Zhang, R., L. Jin, M. Lie, X. Du, and J. Liu. 2022. “Refined modeling of the interfacial behavior between FRP bars and concrete under different loading rates.” Compos. Struct. 291: 115676.
Zhou, X. Q., and H. Hao. 2008. “Modelling of compressive behaviour of concrete-like materials at high strain rate.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 45 (17): 4648–4661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.04.002.
Zhou, Y., S. Liu, J. Feng, and H. Fan. 2019. “Improved finite difference analysis of dynamic responses of concrete members reinforced with FRP bars under explosion.” Compos. Struct. 230: 111518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111518.
Zhu, L., B. Sun, H. Hu, and B. Gu. 2010. “Constitutive equations of basalt filament tows under quasi-static and high strain rate tension.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. 527 (13–14): 3245–3252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.02.015.
Zhu, W. J., and R. François. 2015. “Structural performance of RC beams in relation with the corroded period in chloride environment.” Mater. Struct. 48 (6): 1757–1769. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0270-2.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 26 • Issue 5 • October 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 1, 2022
Accepted: Apr 28, 2022
Published online: Jul 19, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 19, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Wei Zhang, Shuaiwen Kang, Yiqun Huang, Xiang Liu, Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups and Strengthened with Basalt Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Sheets, Journal of Composites for Construction, 10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4082, 27, 2, (2023).