Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Modeling of the Thermomechanical Response of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Slab Strips Subjected to Fire
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 26, Issue 5
Abstract
The fire design of reinforced concrete (RC) members with glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars comprising lap splices and cold anchoring zones requires the explicit consideration of the GFRP–concrete bond degradation with temperature; however, few studies in the literature have addressed this issue. This paper presents numerical investigations in which three-dimensional finite-element models were developed to simulate fire resistance tests performed in GFRP-RC slab strips subjected to a fire load and current standards. The slabs comprised continuous and spliced reinforcements, as well as different concrete cover thicknesses and concrete strengths. In the models, the GFRP–concrete interaction was simulated by means of previously calibrated local bond stress–slip laws at different temperatures. This study provided new insights into the fire behavior of GFRP-RC flexural members, confirming that their fire resistance can be drastically reduced when lap splices, designed for ambient temperature conditions, are directly exposed to heat and that even adopting relatively low concrete cover, fire endurances above 120 min can be attained provided that the bars’ anchors remain sufficiently cold.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge FCT (project FireComposite PTDC/ECM-EST/1882/2014) and CERIS for funding the research. The second author also thanks the financial support of FCT through scholarship SFRH/BD/129681/2017. The authors are grateful for the Foundation for Science and Technology’s support through funding UIDB/04625/2020 from the research unit CERIS.
References
Abbasi, A., and P. J. Hogg. 2006. “Fire testing of concrete beams with fibre reinforced plastic rebar.” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 37 (8): 1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.05.029.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2015. Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars. ACI 440.1R-15. ACI Committee 440. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Aslani, F. 2019. “Residual bond between concrete and reinforcing GFRP rebars at elevated temperatures.” Proc. Instit. Civ. Eng.—Struct. Build. 172 (2): 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.17.00126.
Ba, G., J. Miao, W. Zhang, and C. Liu. 2016. “Influence of cracking on heat propagation in reinforced concrete structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (7): 04016035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001483.
Ba, G., J. Miao, W. Zhang, and J. Liu. 2019. “Influence of reinforcement corrosion on fire performance of reinforced concrete beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 213: 738–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.065.
Bai, Y., T. Vallée, and T. Keller. 2007. “Modeling of thermo-physical properties for FRP composites under elevated and high temperature.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 (15–16): 3098–3109.
Bamonte, P., and R. Felicetti. 2012. “High-temperature behaviour of concrete in tension.” Struct. Eng. Int. 22 (4): 493–499. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686612X13363929517695.
Bilotta, A., A. Compagnone, L. Esposito, and E. Nigro. 2020. “Structural behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete slabs in fire.” Eng. Struct. 221: 111058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111058.
Bisby, L. A., and V. K. R. Kodur. 2007. “Evaluating the fire endurance of concrete slabs reinforced with FRP bars: Considerations for a holistic approach.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 38 (5–6): 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.07.013.
Carvelli, V., M. A. Pisani, and C. Poggi. 2013. “High temperature effects on concrete members reinforced with GFRP rebars.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 54 (1): 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.05.013.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2010a. Design of concrete structures—Part 1-2: General rules—Structural fire design. Eurocode 2. EN 1992-1-2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2010b. Design of concrete structures–Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Eurocode 2. EN 1992-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2010c. Design of steel structures–Part 1-2: General rules—Structural fire design. Eurocode 3. EN 1993-1-2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2009. Design and construction of building components with fibre-reinforced polymers. CAN/CSA-S806-02. Rexdale, ON, Canada: CSA.
Ervine, A., M. Gillie, T. J. Stratford, and P. Pankaj. 2012. “Thermal propagation through tensile cracks in reinforced concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24 (5): 516–522. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000417.
Feih, S., E. Boiocchi, G. Mathys, Z. Mathys, A. G. Gibson, and A. P. Mouritz. 2011. “Mechanical properties of thermally-treated and recycled glass fibres.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 42 (3): 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.12.020.
Genikomsou, A. S., and M. A. Polak. 2015. “Finite element analysis of punching shear of concrete slabs using damaged plasticity model in ABAQUS.” Eng. Struct. 98: 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.016.
Hajiloo, H., and M. F. Green. 2019. “GFRP reinforced concrete slabs in fire: Finite element modelling.” Eng. Struct. 183: 1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.028.
Hajiloo, H., M. F. Green, and J. Gales. 2018. “Mechanical properties of GFRP reinforcing bars at high temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 162: 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.025.
Hajiloo, H., M. F. Green, M. Noël, N. Bénichou, and M. Sultan. 2019. “GFRP-reinforced concrete slabs: Fire resistance and design efficiency.” J. Compos. Constr. 23 (2): 04019009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000937.
Hajiloo, H., M. F. Green, M. Noël, N. Bénichou, and M. Sultan. 2017. “Fire tests on full-scale FRP reinforced concrete slabs.” Compos. Struct. 179: 705–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.07.060.
Hawileh, R. A., and M. Z. Naser. 2012. “Thermal-stress analysis of RC beams reinforced with GFRP bars.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 43 (5): 2135–2142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.03.004.
Hilsdorf, H. K., and W. Brameshuber. 1991. “Code-type formulation of fracture mechanics concepts for concrete.” Int. J. Fract. 51 (1): 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00020853.
ISO. 1999. Fire resistance tests—Elements of building construction—Part 1: General requirements. ISO 834-1. Geneve: ISO.
Kiari, M., T. Stratford, and L. A. Bisby. 2015. “New design of beam FRP reinforcement for fire performance.” In Proc., 5th Int. Workshop on Performance, Protection & Strengthening of Structures under Extreme Loading edited by Venkatesh K. R. Kodur, and N. Banthia, 764–771. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc.
Kiari, M., T. J. Stratford, and L. A. Bisby. 2016. “New approach to fire safe application of fibre-reinforced polymer reinforcement for concrete.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia.
Kodur, V. K. R., and D. Baingo. 1998. Fire resistance of FRP reinforced concrete slabs Internal Report No. 758, National Research Council Canada, Institute for Research in Construction.
Kodur, V. K. R., and L. A. Bisby. 2005. “Evaluation of fire endurance of concrete slabs reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” J. Struct. Eng. 131 (1): 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:1(34).
Lee, S.-H., A. Abolmaali, K.-J. Shin, and H.-D. Lee. 2020. “ABAQUS modeling for post-tensioned reinforced concrete beams.” J. Build. Eng. 30 (Aug): 101273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101273.
Lin, X., and Y. X. Zhang. 2013. “Nonlinear finite element analyses of steel/FRP-reinforced concrete beams in fire conditions.” Compos. Struct. 97: 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.09.042.
Lopes, B., M. R. T. Arruda, L. Almeida-Fernandes, L. Castro, N. Silvestre, and J. R. Correia. 2020. “Assessment of mesh dependency in the numerical simulation of compact tension tests for orthotropic materials.” Compos. Part C: Open Access 1: 100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100006.
Masmoudi, A., R. Masmoudi, and M. B. Ouezdou. 2010. “Thermal effects on GFRP rebars: Experimental study and analytical analysis.” Mater. Struct/Materiaux et Constr. 43 (6): 775–788.
McIntyre, E. 2019. “Fire performance of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars in reinforced concrete: An experimental approach.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Edinburgh.
Morgado, T., N. Silvestre, and J. R. Correia. 2018. “Simulation of fire resistance behaviour of pultruded GFRP beams. I: Models description and kinematic issues.” Compos. Struct. 187 (Dec): 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.063.
Mouritz, A. P., and A. G. Gibson. 2006. “Fire properties of polymer composite materials.” In Solid mechanics and its applications, 401. Netherlands: Springer.
Najafabadi, E. P., A. V. Oskouei, M. H. Khaneghahi, P. Shoaei, and T. Ozbakkaloglu. 2019. “The tensile performance of FRP bars embedded in concrete under elevated temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 211: 1138–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.239.
Nielsen, C. V., and N. Biéanić. 2003. “Residual fracture energy of high-performance and normal concrete subject to high temperatures.” Mater. Struct. 36 (8): 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480828.
Nigro, E., A. Bilotta, G. Cefarelli, G. Manfredi, and E. Cosenza. 2012a. “Performance under fire situations of concrete members reinforced with FRP rods: Bond models and design nomograms.” J. Compos. Constr. 16 (4): 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000279.
Nigro, E., G. Cefarelli, and A. Billota. 2012b. “Comparison between results of numerical simulations and experimental tests on FRP RC slabs in fire situation.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Structures in Fire, edited by M. Fontana, A. Frangi, and M. Knobloch. Zurich, Switzerland: ETH Zurich.
Nigro, E., G. Cefarelli, A. Bilotta, G. Manfredi, and E. Cosenza. 2011. “Fire resistance of concrete slabs reinforced with FRP bars. Part II: Experimental results and numerical simulations on the thermal field.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 42 (6): 1751–1763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.02.026.
Pagani, R., M. Bocciarelli, V. Carvelli, and M. A. Pisani. 2014. “Modelling high temperature effects on bridge slabs reinforced with GFRP rebars.” Eng. Struct. 81: 318–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.012.
Rafi, M. M., and A. Nadjai. 2011. “Behavior of hybrid (steel-CFRP) and CFRP bar-reinforced concrete beams in fire.” J. Compos. Mater. 45 (15): 1573–1584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998310385022.
Rafi, M. M., and A. Nadjai. 2013. “Numerical modelling of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer and hybrid reinforced concrete beams in fire.” Fire Mater. 37: 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2135.
Rafi, M. M., and A. Nadjai. 2014. “Parametric finite element analysis of FRP reinforced concrete beams in fire and design guidelines.” Fire Mater. 38: 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2180.
Rafi, M. M., A. Nadjai, and F. Ali. 2007. “Fire resistance of carbon FRP reinforced-concrete beams.” Mag. Concr. Res. 59 (4): 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.59.4.245.
Rafi, M. M., A. Nadjai, and F. Ali. 2008. “Finite element modeling of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams under elevated temperatures.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (6): 701–710.
Rosa, I. C., J. P. Firmo, and J. R. Correia. 2022. “Experimental study of the tensile behaviour of GFRP reinforcing bars at elevated temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 324: 126676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126676.
Rosa, I. C., J. P. Firmo, J. R. Correia, and J. A. O. Barros. 2019. “Bond behaviour of sand coated GFRP bars to concrete at elevated temperature—Definition of bond vs. slip relations.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 160: 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.020.
Rosa, I. C., P. Santos, J. P. Firmo, and J. R. Correia. 2020. “Fire behaviour of concrete slab strips reinforced with sand-coated GFRP bars.” Compos. Struct. 244: 112270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112270.
SIMULIA. 2018. ABAQUS standard, user’s manual. Providence: RI: SIMULIA.
Solyom, S., M. Di Benedetti, M. Guadagnini, and G. L. Balázs. 2020. “Effect of temperature on the bond behaviour of GFRP bars in concrete.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 183: 107602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107602.
Tysmans, T., M. Wozniak, O. Remy, and J. Vantomme. 2015. “Finite element modelling of the biaxial behaviour of high-performance fibre-reinforced cement composites (HPFRCC) using concrete damaged plasticity.” Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 100: 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2015.02.004.
Vejmelková, E., P. Padevět, and R. Černý. 2008. “Effect of cracks on hygric and thermal characteristics of concrete.” Bauphysik 30 (6): 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/bapi.200810058.
Wallenberger, F. T., J. C. Watson, and H. Li. 2001. Composites. Vol. 21 of ASM Handbook, 27–34. Ohio: ASM International.
Weber, A. 2008. “Fire-resistance tests on composite rebars.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. of FRP Composites in Civil Engineering. Lausanne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL).
Wu, B., W. Xiong, and B. Wen. 2014. “Thermal fields of cracked concrete members in fire.” Fire Saf. J. 66: 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.04.003.
Yu, B., and V. K. R. Kodur. 2013. “Factors governing the fire response of concrete beams reinforced with FRP rebars.” Compos. Struct. 100: 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.028.
Zhang, H. Y., Q. Y. Li, V. Kodur, and H. R. Lv. 2021. “Effect of cracking and residual deformation on behavior of concrete beams with different scales under fire exposure.” Eng. Struct. 245: 112886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112886.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 21, 2021
Accepted: Apr 21, 2022
Published online: Jun 23, 2022
Published in print: Oct 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 23, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Inês C. Rosa, João P. Firmo, João R. Correia, Luke A. Bisby, Fire Behavior of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Structural Members: A State-of-the-Art Review, Journal of Composites for Construction, 10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4268, 27, 5, (2023).
- Inês C. Rosa, João P. Firmo, João R. Correia, Fire behaviour of GFRP-reinforced concrete slab strips. Effect of straight and 90° bent tension lap splices, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114904, 270, (114904), (2022).