Pull-Out Behavior of CFRP Bars in Glued-In Glubam Joints
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 25, Issue 4
Abstract
Glubam (glued-laminated bamboo) is a newly developed structural material with properties comparable to other wood and wood-based materials. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bar is an attractive reinforcement due to its lightweight, high strength, and high corrosion resistance. In order to explore the merits of combined utilization of glubam and FRP bars in structures, pull-out tests of carbon FRP (CFRP) bars glued-in glubam were conducted. The bond behavior, failure modes, strength, and stiffness of glued-in CFRP bar glubam joints were investigated. The main experimental parameters included glue-line thickness, anchorage length, and the angle between the bar and bamboo fiber. The test results illustrated an increasing tendency of peak loads with the anchorage length, glue-line thickness, and angle. The complex relationships between the bond stress and three influencing parameters were discussed. A simple analytical model was derived and shown to be capable of capturing the initial bond stress–slip behaviors of glued-in CFRP bar glubam joints. Finally, a design equation for estimating the pull-out strength of the CFRP bar in glued-in glubam joints was proposed based on the modification of an existing code equation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research was supported by the China MOST National Key Research and Development Project on eco-friendly structural systems for prefabricated residential buildings in rural areas (2019YFD1101002), the National Science Foundation of China (51978606), and the Distinguished Professorship of the Zhejiang University. Specimens and tests were prepared and executed at the Nanjing Tech University and the MOE Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Hunan University.
References
Aicher, S., P. Gustafsson, and M. Wolf. 1999. “Load displacement and bond strength of glued-in rods in timber influenced by adhesive, wood density, rod slenderness and diameter.” In Proc., 1st RILEM Symp. on Timber Engineering, 369–378. Paris, France: RILEM.
Aicher, S., L. Höfflin, and M. Wolf. 1998. “Influence of specimen geometry on stress distributions in pull-out tests of glued-in steel rods in wood.” Otto-Graf-J. 9: 205–217.
Ansell, M. P., and D. Smedley. 2007. “Briefing: Bonded-in technology for structural timber.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Constr. Mater. 160 (3): 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1680/coma.2007.160.3.95.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test methods for single-bolt connections in wood and wood-base products. ASTM D5652-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials. ASTM D3039-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bainbridge, R., C. Mettem, K. Harvey, and M. Ansell. 2002. “Bonded-in rod connections for timber structures—development of design methods and test observations.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (1): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7496(01)00036-7.
Blass, H. J., and B. Laskewitz. 1999. “Effect of spacing and edge distance on the axial strength of glued-in rods.” In Proc., 32nd Meeting, CIB-W18, International Council for Building Research and Innovation, 329–338. Karlsruhe, Germany: Universität Karlsruhe.
Broughton, J. G., and A. R. Hutchinson. 2001a. “Adhesive systems for structural connections in timber.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 21 (3): 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7496(00)00049-X.
Broughton, J. G., and A. R. Hutchinson. 2001b. “Pull-out behaviour of steel rods bonded into timber.” Mater. Struct. 34 (2): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481558.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2002. Moisture content of a piece of a sawn timber—Part 1: Determination by oven dry method. BS EN 13183-1. London: BSI.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Design of timber structures-Part 2: Bridges. Eurocode 5. CEN EN 1995-2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Claisse, P. A., and T. J. Davis. 1998. “High performance jointing systems for timber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 12 (8): 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(98)00031-2.
CNS (China National Standard). 2011a. Fiber reinforced composite bars for civil engineering. [In Chinese.] GB/T 26743. Beijing: China Standard Press.
CNS (China National Standard). 2011b. Structure glued laminated timber. [In Chinese.] GB/T 26899. Beijing: China Standard Press.
Correal, J. 2015. “Bamboo design and construction.” In Nonconventional and vernacular construction materials, edited by K. Harries and B. Sharma, 393–431. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Dagher, H. J., T. E. Kimball, S. M. Shaler, and B. Abdel-Magid. 1996. “Effect of FRP reinforcement on low grade eastern hemlock glulams.” In Proc., National Conf. on Wood Transportation Structures, 207–215. Madison, WI: Federal Highway Administration and the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Davis, T. J., and P. A. Claisse. 2001. “Resin-injected dowel joints in glulam and structural timber composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 15 (4): 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(01)00002-2.
Feligioni, L., P. Lavisci, G. Duchanois, M. De Ciechi, and P. Spinelli. 2003. “Influence of glue rheology and joint thickness on the strength of bonded-in rods.” Holz Roh Werkst. 61 (4): 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-003-0387-4.
Gardelle, V., and P. Morlier. 2007. “Geometric parameters which affect the short term resistance of an axially loaded glued-in rod.” Mater. Struct. 40 (1): 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9155-3.
Grunwald, C., M. Kaufmann, B. Alter, T. Vallée, and T. Tannert. 2018. “Numerical investigations and capacity prediction of G-FRP rods glued into timber.” Compos. Struct. 202: 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.10.010.
Grunwald, C., T. Vallée, S. Fecht, O. Bletz-Mühldorfer, F. Diehl, L. Bathon, F. Walther, R. Scholz, and S. Myslicki. 2019. “Rods glued in engineered hardwood products part I: Experimental results under quasi-static loading.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 90: 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.05.003.
Harvey, K., and M. P. Ansell. 2000. “Improved timber connections using bonded-in GFRP rods.” In Proc., 6th World Conf. in Timber Engineering. Vancouver, BC: Conference Secretariat.
He, Z. W., and Y. Xiao. 2020. “Experimental study on axial pull-out behavior of steel rebars glued-in glubam.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (3): 04020021. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003080.
Kohl, D., N. Ratsch, S. Böhm, M. Voß, M. Kaufmann, and T. Vallée. 2018. “Influence of manufacturing methods and imperfections on the load capacity of glued-in rods.” J. Adhesion 96 (8): 738–759. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2018.1508351.
Li, T. Y., B. Shan, Y. Xiao, Y. R. Guo, and M. P. Zhang. 2020. “Axially loaded single threaded rod glued in glubam joint.” Constr. Build. Mater. 244: 118302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118302.
Li, Z., G. S. Yang, Q. Zhou, B. Shan, and Y. Xiao. 2019. “Bending performance of glubam beams made with different processes.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 22 (2): 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433218794327.
Ling, Z., H. Yang, W. Liu, W. Lu, D. Zhou, and L. Wang. 2014. “Pull-out strength and bond behaviour of axially loaded rebar glued-in glulam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 65: 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.008.
Lorenzis, L. D., V. Scialpi, and A. L. Tegola. 2005. “Analytical and experimental study on bonded-in CFRP bars in glulam timber.” Composites, Part B 36 (4): 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.11.005.
Micelli, F., V. Scialpi, and A. La Tegola. 2005. “Flexural reinforcement of glulam timber beams and joints with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer rods.” J. Compos. Constr. 9 (4): 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:4(337).
Otero, C. D., C. J. Estévez, and G. E. Martín. 2011. “Strength of joints with epoxy-glued threaded steel rods in tali timber.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (4): 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000191.
Porteous, J., and A. Kermani. 2013. Structural timber design to Eurocode 5. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Raftery, G. M., and A. M. Harte. 2011. “Low-grade glued laminated timber reinforced with FRP plate.” Composites, Part B 42 (4): 724–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.029.
Riberholt, H. 1988. “Glued bolts in glulam-proposals for CIB code.” In Proc., 21st Meeting, CIB-W18, International Council for Building Research and Innovation, 180–199. Lyngby, Denmark: CIB/W18.
Rossignon, A., and B. Espion. 2008. “Experimental assessment of the pull-out strength of single rods bonded in glulam parallel to the grain.” Holz Roh Werkst. 66 (6): 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-008-0263-3.
Steiger, R., E. Gehri, and R. Widmann. 2007. “Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam parallel to the grain.” Mater. Struct. 40 (1): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9111-2.
Vallée, T., T. Tannert, and S. Fecht. 2017. “Adhesively bonded connections in the context of timber engineering—A review.” J. Adhesion 93 (4): 257–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2015.1071255.
Xiao, Y., S. K. Paudel, and M. Inoue. 2008a. Modern bamboo structures. London: CRC Press.
Xiao, Y., B. Shan, G. Chen, Q. Zhou, and L. Y. She. 2008b. “Development of a new type of Glulam—Glubam.” In Proc., 1st Conf. of Modern Bamboo Structures, edited by Y. Xiao, M. Inoue, and S. K. Paudel, 41–47. London: CRC Press.
Xiao, Y., R. Z. Yang, and B. Shan. 2013. “Production, environmental impact and mechanical properties of glubam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44: 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.087.
Xiao, Y., Q. Zhou, and B. Shan. 2010. “Design and construction of modern bamboo bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 15 (5): 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000089.
Yeboah, D., S. Taylor, D. McPolin, and R. Gilfillan. 2013. “Pull-out behaviour of axially loaded basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) rods bonded perpendicular to the grain of glulam elements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38: 962–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.014.
Yeboah, D., S. Taylor, D. McPolin, R. Gilfillan, and S. Gilbert. 2011. “Behaviour of joints with bonded-in steel bars loaded parallel to the grain of timber elements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2312–2317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.026.
Zhou, Q., B. Shan, and Y. Xiao. 2008. “Design and construction of a modern bamboo pedestrian bridge.” In Proc., 1st Conf. of Modern Bamboo Structures, edited by Y. Xiao, M. Inoue, and S. K. Paudel, 231–238. London: CRC Press.
Zhu, H., P. Faghani, and T. Tannert. 2017. “Experimental investigations on timber joints with single glued-in FRP rods.” Constr. Build. Mater. 140: 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.091.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 22, 2020
Accepted: Apr 12, 2021
Published online: Jun 9, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Nov 9, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.