Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars for Concrete Structures: State-of-the-Practice in Australia
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 25, Issue 1
Abstract
The harsh Australian environment makes the use of steel reinforcement in concrete structures problematic on account of corrosion. The probability of corrosion damage will significantly increase in the years to come and will become a major problem not only in coastal regions but also in inland parts of Australia due to increasing carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and relative humidity as a consequence of climate change. In the last two decades, glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite bars have become an alternative to steel reinforcement for reinforcing concrete structures exposed to harsh environments. The reinforcing material is noncorrodible, nonmagnetic, lightweight, and has high tensile strength, thus making it a viable reinforcing material for concrete structures. This paper provides the state-of-the-practice in the research, development, and application of GFRP bars, with the aim of properly informing the engineering community about this alternative, noncorrodible reinforcing technology. The paper also presents a strategy toward the development of fiber-reinforced polymer bar material specifications with the aim to ensure quality use and application of the GFRP material in a wide range of applications in Australia in the years to come. Moreover, the best practices and data presented in this paper will be very useful in the development of unified international standards and specifications for GFRP bars.
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Appendix. Physical and Mechanical Properties of GFRP Bars in Australia
| Reference | Geometry | Fibers | Resin | Surface | Diameter (mm) | Effective area (mm2) | Fiber content (% by weight) | Density (g/cm3) | Void content (%) | Cure ratio (%) | Tg (oC) | Transverse CTE (×10−6/oC) | Water absorption | Water absorption | Tensile modulus (GPa) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Tensile strain | Compressive strength (MPa) | Transverse shear (MPa) | ILSS (MPa) | Bond strength (MPa) | Test standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 h | Saturation | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Manalo et al. (2014) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12–19 | 62.6–65.6 | 1,105–1,312 | 1.89–2.0 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2015c) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12.7–19 | 62.6–65.6 | 1,105–1,312 | 1.71–2.0 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2017) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5–19 | 62.6–65.6 | 1,029–1,312 | 1.45–1.89 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2018) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5–15.9 | 77.6–84.1 | 62.6–65.6 | 1,029–1,312 | 18–22 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2019) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5–15.9 | 77.6–84.1 | 50–65.6 | 1,029–1,312 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Goldston et al. (2016) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 6.35–12.7 | 37.5–55.6 | 732–1,605 | 1.96–3.3 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2016) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5–15.9 | 62.6–65.1 | 1,184–1,372 | 1.89–2.11 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Elchalakani et al. (2019) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Ribbed | 7.4–13.2 | 55–59 | 650–930 | 1.2–1.7 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Elchalakani et al. (2018) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 6.35–12.7 | 168 | 46.1–50 | 784–1,200 | 1.9–2.4 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| AlAjarmeh et al. (2019a) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5–15.9 | 60–62.5 | 1,237–1,315 | 2.1–2.3 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| AlAjarmeh et al. (2019b) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5–19.1 | 60–62.5 | 1,237–1,315 | 2.1–2.3 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Hadi et al. (2016a) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 11, 14.6 | 95, 168 | 50–57 | 1,200–1,275 | 2.24–2.4 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5, 12.7 | 95, 165 | 52–57 | 1,190–1,320 | 2.28–2.31 | ISO | |||||||||||||
| Hadi et al. (2016b) | Round, solid | Carbon | Not reported | Plain | 15 | 177 | 89.4 | 1,157 | 2.42 | 596 | ISO | |||||||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 15.9 | 292 | 56 | 1,395 | 2.42 | 846 | ISO | ||||||||||||
| Karim et al. (2017) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5, 12.7 | 95, 167 | 66–76 | 1,600–1,700 | 2.24–2.42 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| Karim et al. (2016b) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5, 12.7 | 95, 167 | 66–76 | 1,600–1,700 | 2.24–2.42 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| Khan et al. (2017) | Round, solid | Carbon | Not reported | Plain | 15 | 177 | 89.4 | 1,157 | 2.42 | 596 | ISO | |||||||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 15.9 | 292 | 56 | 1,395 | 2.42 | 846 | ISO | ||||||||||||
| Elchalakani and Ma (2017) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 6.35–12.7 | 168 | 46.1–50 | 784–1,200 | 1.9–2.4 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| Elchalakani et al. (2017) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 6.35–12.7 | 168 | 46.1–50 | 784–1,200 | 1.9–2.4 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| 24 h | Saturation | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Hasan et al. (2017) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 9.5, 12.7 | 95, 165 | 52–57 | 1,190–1,320 | 2.28–2.31 | ISO | ||||||||||||
| Youssef and Hadi (2017) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12.7 | 165 | 67.9 | 1,641 | 2.41 | ISO | ||||||||||||
| Hasan et al. (2018) | Round, solid | Carbon | Not reported | Plain | 15 | 177 | 89.4 | 1,157 | 2.42 | 596 | ISO | |||||||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 15.9 | 292 | 56 | 1,395 | 2.42 | 846 | ISO | ||||||||||||
| Gravina and Smith (2008) | Round, solid | Glass | Not reported | Sand coated | 37 | 770 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Round, solid | Carbon | Not reported | Sand coated | 147 | 2,250 | 2.1 | ||||||||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2015c) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12–19 | 62.6–65.6 | 1,105–1,312 | 1.71–2.0 | 19–23.9 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| Tekle et al. (2016) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12.7,15.9 | 184, 280 | 62,6, 68 | 1,505, 1,647 | 2.42, 2.4 | 13, 15 | ||||||||||||
| Tekle et al. (2017) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12.7, 15.9 | 6.2 | 62.6–65.6 | 1,184–1,312 | 1.89–2.0 | 12–15 | ASTM | |||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2015b) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12.7–19 | 83.98–84.1 | 62.6–65.6 | 1,105–1,312 | 1.71–2.0 | 15–22 | ASTM | |||||||||||
| Benmokrane et al. (2017c) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 15–20 | 227–241 | 83 | 62.6–64.7 | 1,105–1,184 | 1.71–1.89 | 15 | ASTM | ||||||||||
| Wu et al. (2016) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 15.9 | 64.6 | 1,473.7 | ISO | ||||||||||||||
| Khan et al. (2018) | Round, solid | Carbon | Not reported | Plain | 15 | 177 | 89.4 | 1,157 | 2.42 | 596 | ISO | |||||||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 15.9 | 292 | 56 | 1,395 | 2.42 | 846 | ISO | ||||||||||||
| Benmokrane et al. (2017a) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 10–25 | 83–555 | 80.9–81.8 | 0 | 100 | 105.2–125.8 | 20.5–22 | 0.02–0.15 | 0.04–0.19 | 60–62.5 | 1,270–1,315 | 2.1–2.3 | 47–56 | ASTM, CSA | ||||
| Benmokrane et al. (2017b) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Ribbed | 12 | 83.9 | 0 | 99.1 | 113 | 17.7 | 0.63 | 66.3 | 1,432 | 2.16 | 258 | 64.8 | ASTM, CSA | |||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Polyester | Ribbed | 12 | 78.8 | 0 | 98.1 | 93 | 20.8 | 1.15 | 56.9 | 1,150 | 2.02 | 250 | 47.2 | ASTM, CSA | ||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Epoxy | Ribbed | 12 | 79.4 | 0 | 100 | 126 | 19.7 | 0.23 | 61.8 | 1,573 | 2.54 | 270 | 77.4 | ASTM, CSA | ||||||
| Benmokrane et al. (2018) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 15.9, 19 | 83.9 | 2.05 | 0 | 95.1–96.8 | 117 | 0.06 | 39–42 | 650 | 64.9 | ASTM | |||||||
| Dong et al. (2018a) | Round, solid | Basalt | Vinylester | Ribbed | 13 | 120 | 48 | 1,141 | ||||||||||||||
| 24 h | Saturation | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Dong et al. (2018b) | Round, solid | Basalt | Vinylester | Ribbed | 13 | 120 | 48 | 1,141 | ||||||||||||||
| Wang et al. (2018) | Round, solid | Basalt | Epoxy | Ribbed | 6 | 28.5 | 80.5 | 130 | 21.7 | 46 | 1,398 | 3.0 | ||||||||||
| Round, solid | Glass | Epoxy | Helically wrapped | 6 | 28.5 | 80.5 | 130 | 21.7 | 46 | 1,398 | 3.0 | |||||||||||
| Khan et al. (2015) | Round, solid | Glass | Not reported | Sand coated | 15.9 | 56 | 1,394 | ASTM | ||||||||||||||
| Round, solid | Carbon | Not reported | Plain | 15 | 89.4 | 1,157 | ASTM | |||||||||||||||
| Nazair et al. (2018) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 19.1 | 81.3–82.8 | 96–100 | 107–124 | 0.14–0.15 | 55–57 | 866–879 | 57–61 | ASTM | |||||||||
| Ali et al. (2018) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Polyester | Helical | 12 | 78.8 | 98.1 | 93 | 1.15 | 1,015 | ASTM, CSA | |||||||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Helical | 12 | 83.9 | 99.1 | 113 | 0.63 | 1,220 | ASTM, CSA | ||||||||||||
| Round, solid | ECR glass | Epoxy | Helical | 12 | 79.4 | 100 | 126 | 0.23 | 1,090 | ASTM, CSA | ||||||||||||
| Maranan et al. (2014b) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 12.7–20.7 | 84.05 | 117 | ASTM | ||||||||||||||
| Wagners (2016) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Ribbed | 3–40 | 2.2 | 40 | 509–1,900 | 150 | ASTM | ||||||||||||
| Round, solid | Basalt | Vinylester | Ribbed | 3–40 | 2.0–2.2 | 40 | 546–2,050 | 150 | ASTM | |||||||||||||
| Bluey (2017) | Round, solid | Glass | Vinylester | Ribbed | 25–32 | 60 | 1,197–1,203 | 420–460 | — | |||||||||||||
| Innovative Construction Materials (2019) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 6–32 | 47–1,028 | 83 | 3.5 | 0.17–0.65 | 45.4–66.4 | 990–1,372 | 1.3–2.17 | 146–264 | 14 | ASTM, CSA | |||||||
| Galen (2019) | Round, solid | Glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 10–25 | 2.0 | 46.3–54.7 | 840–1,415 | 1.81–2.6 | ASTM, CSA | ||||||||||||
| Round, solid | Basalt | Vinylester | Sand coated | 10–25 | 2.0 | 45.5–56 | 866–1,565 | 1.9–2.8 | ASTM, CSA | |||||||||||||
| Mateenbar (2019) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Ribbed | 6–38 | 2.1 | 58 | 1,000 | ASTM, CSA | |||||||||||||
| Sireg (2019) | Round, solid | ECR glass | Vinylester | Sand coated | 6–40 | 100 | 1.0 | 46 | 580–900 | 1.2–1.9 | 131 | 7.6 | ASTM |
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Advance Queensland Industry Research Fellowship Program (AQIRF 119-2019RD2) and the Australian Research Council through the Discovery Scheme (DP180102208) for supporting the project. The assistance of the postgraduate students at the Centre of Future Materials in data gathering is gratefully acknowledged.
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Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 25 • Issue 1 • February 2021
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© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Nov 1, 2019
Accepted: Sep 28, 2020
Published online: Dec 2, 2020
Published in print: Feb 1, 2021
Discussion open until: May 2, 2021
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