Fatigue Performance of Furfuryl Alcohol Resin Fiber-Reinforced Polymer for Structural Rehabilitation
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 24, Issue 3
Abstract
One promising polymer replacement to conventional petroleum-derived resins in fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin, which is a thermosetting resin derived from agricultural byproducts. In this study, 120 carbon FRP (CFRP) coupons were tested in tension to examine the fatigue behavior of FRPs with this resin, as compared to epoxy. Test parameters were the type of resin, the number of fiber layers, the manufacturing method, and the stress amplitude, ranging from 65% to 85% of ultimate strength. All specimens were tested in tension–tension with stress ratio R = 0, at a rate of 2.5 Hz. Fatigue life and stiffness degradation were monitored. As per ASTM E739 [ASTM. 2015. Standard practice for statistical analysis of linear or linearized stress-life (S–N) and strain-life (ɛ–N) fatigue data. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM], a minimum of 75% replicates was used in this study. The normal life distribution, ASTM, and Whitney’s pooling scheme methods were used to determine reliability-based S–N curves. The phenomenological model by Whitworth was used to predict stiffness degradation. With an expected design fatigue life of 2,000,000 cycles, the allowable stress amplitude is predicted at 59% tensile strength using the ASTM method. Based on the Whitney model, this resulted in a stiffness retention of 80% for epoxy-based CFRP and 65% for FA-based CFRP at the end of life. Imaging was also used to assess the damage of the CFRP postcyclic loading. Epoxy-based CFRP showed transverse and longitudinal cracks in the matrix, whereas there was no visible damage on FA-based CFRP; however, environmental scanning electron microscopy showed that FA resin and carbon fiber had poor interfacial bonding.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, which may include: normalized data, fit parameters and figures.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the in-kind support provided by Fyfe Company as well as the financial support provided by Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada (AAFC), Bioindustrial Innovation Canada (BIC) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- material constant, ASTM E739;
- B
- material constant, ASTM E739;
- c1
- parameter, Whitney’s model;
- c2
- parameter, Whitney’s model;
- E
- tensile stiffness;
- E(N)
- tensile stiffness, failure;
- E(n)
- tensile stiffness, residual at n cycles;
- E(0)
- tensile stiffness, initial;
- h
- parameter, Whitney’s model;
- i
- stress level;
- k
- constant, normal life distribution and Whitworth’s model;
- m
- parameter, Whitney’s model;
- N
- fatigue cycle life;
- Weibull parameter;
- Weibull parameter, ith stress level;
- n
- number of cycles;
- Ps(n)
- survival probability;
- Weibull parameter, pooled stress level;
- R
- stress ratio, σmin/σmax;
- Rk
- characteristic cycle failure;
- αf
- Weibull parameters;
- Weibull parameter, pooled stress level;
- αfi
- Weibull parameter, ith stress level;
- ɛ
- strain;
- σ
- tensile stress;
- σa
- stress amplitude;
- σmax
- maximum cyclic stress;
- σmin
- minimum cyclic stress;
- σo
- constant, normal life distribution and Whitworth model; and
- σu
- tensile strength.
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Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 24 • Issue 3 • June 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 14, 2019
Accepted: Nov 4, 2019
Published online: Mar 26, 2020
Published in print: Jun 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Aug 26, 2020
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