Influence of Resin Biocontent and Type on Bond Strength between FRP Wet Layup and Concrete
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 23, Issue 4
Abstract
This study investigated the bond strength between concrete and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wet lay-up systems using resins with biobased content of various proportions as a partial replacement of epoxy, which is well known to be an unsustainable product derived from petroleum. Three different resin types were explored together with either glass or carbon fiber fabrics, namely a resin blend partially derived from vegetable and wood industry by-products (VW) with a total biocontent of 41% by weight, a cashew nut shell liquid (CN) resin blend, and an epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) resin blend. The mix ratios with epoxy were varied to obtain 20%–40% biocontent for the CN resin and 10%–40% for the ELO resin. A total of 57 small-beam bond test specimens were fabricated and tested to establish and compare bond strength in accordance with the recommendation of ACI 440.9R. It was found that the VW resin, with the highest biocontent of 41%, had similar bond strength to epoxy, whereas CN resin, at 20%–30% biocontent, resulted in a comparable bond strength to epoxy. On the other hand, a significant drop in bond strength occurred at 40% biocontent in both ELO and CN resin types. Bond strength was not only dependent on resin, but also on fiber type. In the case of glass FRP, bond strengths were generally lower those that of carbon FRPs by 12%–29% for the same resin type.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by Bioindustrial Innovation Canada (BIC).
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2008. Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening existing structures. ACI 440.2R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2015. Guide to accelerated conditioning protocols for durability assessment of internal and external fiber-reinforce. ACI 440.9R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Arkema. 2014. Data sheet: Vikoflex 7190. Colombes, France: Arkema.
Arkema. 2017. E-mail communications. Colombes, France: Arkema.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for evaluation of performance for FRP composite bonded to concrete substrate using beam test. ASTM D7958/D7958M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Cardolite Corporation. 2014a. Technical datasheet—Cardolite NC-513. Newark, NJ: Cardolite Corporation.
Cardolite Corporation. 2014b. Technical datasheet—Cardolite NX-2003. Newark, NJ: Cardolite Corporation.
Chen, J. F., and J. G. Teng. 2001. “Anchorage strength models for FRP and steel plates bonded to concrete.” J. Struct. Eng. 127 (7): 784–791. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:7(784).
Chen, J. F., Z. J. Yang, and G. D. Holt. 2001. “FRP or steel plate-to-concrete bonded joints: Effect of test methods on experimental bond strength.” Steel Compos. Struct. 1 (2): 231–244. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2001.1.2.231.
Eldridge, A., and A. Fam. 2014. “Durability of concrete cylinders wrapped with GFRP made from furfuryl alcohol bioresin.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (6): 04014013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000461.
Faella, C., E. Martinelli, and E. Nigro. 2003. “Interface behaviour in FRP plates bonded to concrete: Experimental tests and theoretical analyses.” In Proc., Advanced Materials for Construction of Bridges, Buildings, and Other Structures III. New York: ECI Digital Archives.
Fyfe Co. LLC. 2015a. Technical datasheet—Tyfo S. San Diego: Fyfe Co. LLC.
Fyfe Co. LLC. 2015b. Technical datasheet—Tyfo SCH-41. San Diego: Fyfe Co. LLC.
Fyfe Co. LLC. 2015c. Technical datasheet—Tyfo SEH-51A. San Diego: Fyfe Co. LLC.
Gartner, A., E. P. Douglas, C. W. Dolan, and H. R. Hamilton. 2011. “Small beam bond test method for CFRP composites applied to concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (1): 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000151.
Karbhari, V. M. 2001. “Materials considerations in FRP rehabilitation of concrete structures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 13 (2): 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:2(90).
McIsaac, A., and A. Fam. 2018. “The effect of bio-based content in resin blends on tensile properties of FRP wet layup systems.” Constr. Build. Mater. 168 (Apr): 244–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.062.
McSwiggan, C., and A. Fam. 2017. “Bio-based resins for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with FRP sheets.” Constr. Build. Mater. 131 (Jan): 618–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.110.
McSwiggan, C., K. Mak, and A. Fam. 2017. “Concrete bond durability of CFRP sheets with bioresins derived from renewable resources.” J. Compos. Constr. 21 (2): 04016082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000736.
Sicomin Epoxy Systems. 2014. Technical datasheet—Greenpoxy 56. Chateauneuf les Martigues, France: Sicomin Epoxy Systems.
Sicomin Epoxy Systems. 2015. Technical datasheet—Surf Clear EVO. Chateauneuf les Martigues, France: Sicomin Epoxy Systems.
Sicomin Epoxy Systems. 2017. E-mail communications. Chateauneuf les Martigues, France: Sicomin Epoxy Systems.
Smith, S. T., and J. G. Teng. 2001. “Interfacial stresses in plated beams.” Eng. Struct. 23 (7): 857–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(00)00090-0.
Sudesh, K., and T. Iwata. 2011. “Review: Sustainability of biobased and biodegradable plastics.” Clean–Soil Air Water 36 (5–6): 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200700183.
Teng, J. G., and J. F. Chen. 2007. “Debonding failures of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP reinforcement: Behavior and modelling.” In Proc., Asia-Pacific Conf. on FRP in Structures, 33–42. Winnipeg, MB, Canada: International Institute for FRP in Construction.
Teng, J. G., J. F. Chen, S. T. Smith, and L. Lam. 2002. FRP strengthened RC structures. New York: Wiley.
Teng, J. G., S. T. Smith, J. Yao, and J. F. Chen. 2003. “Intermediate crack-induced debonding in RC beams and slabs.” Constr. Build. Mater. 17 (6–7): 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(03)00043-6.
Tolinski, M. 2011. Plastics and sustainability: Towards a peaceful coexistence between biobased and fossil fuel-based plastics. New York: Wiley.
Toutanji, H., and G. Ortiz. 2001. “The effect of surface preparation on the bond interface between FRP sheets and concrete members.” Compos. Struct. 53 (4): 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(01)00057-5.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 23 • Issue 4 • August 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 6, 2017
Accepted: Jan 17, 2019
Published online: Jun 5, 2019
Published in print: Aug 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Nov 5, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.