Strengthening and Retrofitting Precast Concrete Buildings to Mitigate Progressive Collapse Using Externally Bonded GFRP Strips
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 23, Issue 3
Abstract
Compared to cast-in-situ RC buildings, precast concrete (PC) buildings may have lower redundancy and integrity depending on their construction methods and the types of beam-to-column connection. In this study, a series of multipanel PC beam-column-slab substructures were tested to evaluate the performance of a typical existing PC building with bolted connection, which is a typical dry connection in industrial buildings, subjected to the loss of a single penultimate column scenario. It was found that an existing PC substructure with bolted connections exhibited very low ductility and load-resisting capacity. The deficient connection between the PC slab and beams led to the specimen failing in a brittle manner and gaining fewer benefits from tensile membrane action. To overcome the poor performance of existing PC buildings with bolted connections, improvement in detailing and strengthening schemes relied on glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) strips were proposed. Based on the test results, the improvement could enhance the redundancy of PC substructures effectively. Moreover, the proposed strengthening scheme further enhances the flexural capacity, initial stiffness, and the postpeak behavior in large deformation stage significantly.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a research grant provided by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51778153, 51568004, and 51478118) and collaboration with FYFE Asia Private Limited in Singapore. Any opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the view of Natural Science Foundation of China and FYFE Asia Private Limited in Singapore.
References
ACI. 2008. Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI. 2013. Design guide for connections in precast jointed systems. ACI 550.2R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI. 2014. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-14) and commentary (318R-14). ACI 318. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Al-Mahmoud, F., A. Castel, R. Francois, and C. Tourneur. 2010. “RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP rods and modelling of peeling-off failure.” Compos. Struct. 92 (8): 1920–1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.01.002.
Arduini, M., and A. Nanni. 1997. “Behavior of precracked RC beams strengthened with carbon FRP sheets.” J. Compos. Constr. 1 (2): 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1997)1:2(63).
ASCE. 2010. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Bilotta, A., F. Ceroni, M. Di Ludovico, E. Nigro, M. Pecce, and G. Manfredi. 2011. “Bond efficiency of EBR and NSM FRP systems for strengthening concrete members.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (5): 757–772. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000204.
Bilotta, A., F. Ceroni, E. Nigro, and M. Pecce. 2014. “Strain assessment for the design of NSM FRP systems for the strengthening of RC members.” Constr. Build. Mater. 69: 143–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.024.
Ceroni, F., J. A. O. Barros, M. Pecce, and M. Ianniciello. 2013. “Assessment of nonlinear bond laws for near-surface-mounted systems in concrete elements.” Compos. Part B: Eng. 45 (1): 666–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.07.006.
Dat, P. X., and K. H. Tan. 2013. “Membrane actions of RC slabs in mitigating progressive collapse of building structures.” Eng. Struct. 55: 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.039.
DoD (Dept. of Defense). 2005. Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse. UFC 4-023-03. Washington, DC: DoD.
DoD (Dept. of Defense). 2010. Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse. UFC 4-023-03. Washington, DC: DoD.
fib (Fédération Internationale du Béton). 2001. Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
Gergely, J., C. P. Pantelides, and L. D. Reaveley. 2000. “Shear strengthening of RCT-joints using CFRP composites.” J. Compos. Constr. 4 (2): 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2000)4:2(56).
Ghobarah, A., and A. Said. 2002. “Shear strengthening of beam-column joints.” Eng. Struct. 24 (7): 881–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00026-3.
GSA (General Services Administration). 2003. Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization projects. Washington, DC: GSA.
Hou, J., and L. Song. 2016. “Progressive collapse resistance of RC frames under a side column removal scenario: The mechanism explained.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 10 (2): 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-016-0134-y.
Izzuddin, B. A., A. G. Vlassis, A. Y. Elghazouli, and D. A. Nethercot. 2008. “Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss—Part I: Simplified assessment framework.” Eng. Struct. 30 (5): 1308–1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.07.011.
Kaewkulchai, G., and E. B. Williamson. 2006. “Modeling the impact of failed members for progressive collapse analysis of frame structures.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 20 (4): 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:4(375).
Kang, S. B., and K. H. Tan. 2017. “Progressive collapse resistance of precast concrete frames with discontinuous reinforcement in the joint.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017090. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001828.
Lee, D., L. Cheng, and J. Y. G. Hui. 2013. “Bond characteristics of various NSM FRP reinforcements in concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 17 (1): 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000318.
Lew, H. S., Y. H. Bao, S. Pujol, and M. A. Sozen. 2014. “Experimental study of reinforced concrete assemblies under column removal scenario.” ACI Struct. J. 111 (4): 881–892.
Lew, H. S., J. A. Main, Y. H. Bao, F. Sadek, V. P. Chiarito, S. D. Robert, and J. O. Torres. 2017. “Performance of precast concrete moment frames subjected to column removal: Part 1, experimental study.” PCI J. 62 (5): 35–52.
Li, B., and H. Y. G. Chua. 2009. “Seismic performance of strengthened reinforced concrete beam-column joints using FRP composites.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (10): 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:10(1177).
Li, B., and Q. Kai. 2011. “Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete interior beam-wide column joints repaired using FRP.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (3): 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000163.
Liu, T., Y. Xiao, J. Yang, and B. Chen. 2016. “CFRP strip cable retrofit of RC frame for collapse resistance.” J. Compos. Constr. 21 (1): 04016067. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000722.
Nguyen, D. M., T. K. Chan, and H. K. Cheong. 2001. “Brittle failure and bond development length of CFRP-concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (1): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:1(12).
Oehlers, D. J., M. Haskett, C. Q. Wu, and R. Seracino. 2008. “Embedding NSM FRP plates for improved IC debonding resistance.” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (6): 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:6(635).
Orton, S., J. O. Jirsa, and O. Bayrak. 2009. “Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer for continuity in existing reinforced concrete buildings vulnerable to collapse.” ACI Struct. J. 106 (5): 608–616.
Pampanin, S., D. Bolognini, and A. Pavese. 2007. “Performance-based seismic retrofit strategy for existing reinforced concrete frame systems using fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (2): 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:2(211).
PCI (Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute). 2004. PCI design handbook. 6th ed. Chicago: PCI.
Qian, K., and B. Li. 2012. “Slab effects on response of reinforced concrete substructures after loss of corner column.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (6): 845–855.
Qian, K., and B. Li. 2015a. “Research advances in design of structures to resist progressive collapse.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 29 (5): B4014007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000698.
Qian, K., and B. Li. 2015b. “Strengthening of multibay reinforced concrete flat slabs to mitigate progressive collapse.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (6): 04014154. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001125.
Qian, K., and B. Li. 2017. “Dynamic and residual behavior of reinforced concrete floors following instantaneous removal of a column.” Eng. Struct. 148: 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.059.
Qian, K., and B. Li. 2018. “Performance of precast concrete substructures with dry connections to resist progressive collapse.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 32 (2): 04018005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001147.
Qian, K., B. Li, and J. X. Ma. 2015. “Load-carrying mechanism to resist progressive collapse of RC buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (2): 04014107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001046.
Rabinovich, O., and Y. Frostig. 2000. “Closed-form high-order analysis of RC beams strengthened with FRP strips.” J. Compos. Constr. 4 (2): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2000)4%3A2(65).
Ren, P., Y. Li, X. Lu, H. Guan, and Y. L. Zhou. 2016. “Experimental investigation of progressive collapse resistance of one-way reinforced concrete beam-slab substructures under a middle-column-removal scenario.” Eng. Struct. 118: 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.051.
Saadatmanesh, H., and M. R. Ehsani. 1991. “RC beams strengthened with GFRP plates. I: Experimental study.” J. Struct. Eng. 117 (11): 3417–3433. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:11(3417).
Saadatmanesh, H., and A. M. Malek. 1998. “Design guidelines for flexural strengthening of RC beams with FRP plates.” J. Compos. Constr. 2 (4): 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2%3A4(158).
Sadek, F., J. A. Main, H. S. Lew, and Y. H. Bao. 2011. “Testing and analysis of steel and concrete beam-column assemblies under a column removal scenario.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (9): 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000422.
Sasani, M., A. Kazemi, S. Sagiroglu, and S. Forest. 2011. “Progressive collapse resistance of an actual 11-story structure subjected to severe initial damage.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (9): 893–902. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000418.
Sasani, M., and J. Kropelnicki. 2008. “Progressive collapse analysis of an RC structure.” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build. 17 (4): 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.375.
Seracino, R., N. M. Jones, M. S. M. Ali, M. W. Page, and D. J. Oehlers. 2007. “Bond strength of near-surface mounted FRP strip-to-concrete joints.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (4): 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:4(401).
Shen, H. S., J. G. Teng, and J. Yang. 2001. “Interfacial stresses in beams and slabs bonded with a thin plate.” J. Eng. Mech. 127 (4): 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2001)127%3A4(399).
Su, Y. P., Y. Tian, and X. S. Song. 2009. “Progressive collapse resistance of axially-restrained frame beams.” ACI Struct. J. 106 (5): 600–607.
Teng, J. G., M. Chen, J. F. Chen, O. A. Rosenboom, and L. Lam. 2009. “Behavior of RC beams shear strengthened with bonded or unbonded FRP wraps.” J. Compos. Constr. 13 (5): 394–404. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000040.
Vlassis, A. G., B. A. Izzuddin, A. Y. Elghazouli, and D. A. Nethercot. 2009. “Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to failed floor impact.” Eng. Struct. 31 (7): 1522–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.009.
Wahab, N., K. A. Soudki, and T. Topper. 2010. “Mechanism of bond behavior of concrete beams strengthened with near-surface-mounted CFRP rods.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (1): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000146.
Yi, W., Q. He, Y. Xiao, and S. K. Kunnath. 2008. “Experimental study on progressive collapse-resistant behavior of reinforced concrete frame structures.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (4): 433–439.
Yi, W. J., F. Z. Zhang, and S. K. Kunnath. 2014. “Progressive collapse performance of RC flat plate frame structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (9): 04014048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000963.
Yu, J., and K. Tan. 2014. “Special detailing techniques to improve structural resistance against progressive collapse.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (3): 04013077. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000886.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 7, 2017
Accepted: Nov 8, 2018
Published online: Apr 3, 2019
Published in print: Jun 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Sep 3, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.