Long-Term Durability of FRP Bond in the Midwest United States for Externally Strengthened Bridge Components
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 23, Issue 2
Abstract
In this study, the bond strength of a typical FRP system subjected to long-term natural weathering in the midwest United States is experimentally investigated, and the rate of degradation is estimated. To do this, the bond strength of a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) system exposed to over 15 years of weathering is determined with pull-off testing, and a relationship between strength reduction and exposure time is developed using regression analysis. For unweathered specimens, it was found that the attachment strength of the FRP system was governed by the concrete substrate, while for weathered specimens, the FRP system could detach by either a failure of the substrate, at the FRP/concrete interface, or FRP failure. It was found that a logarithmic curve best matches bond deterioration.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Funding for this research was provided in part by the Michigan Department of Transportation, support for which is gratefully acknowledged.
References
AASHTO. 2012. Guide specifications for design of bonded FRP systems for repair and strengthening of concrete bridge elements. 1st ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. 7th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Report on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures. ACI 440R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2017. Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440.2R, Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Allen, D. G., and R. A. Atadero. 2012. “Evaluating the long-term durability of externally bonded FRP via field assessments.” J. Compos. Constr. 16 (6): 737–746. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000305.
Al-Tamimi, A. K., R. A. Hawileh, J. A. Abdalla, H. A. Rasheed, and R. Al-Mahaidi. 2015. “Durability of the bond between CFRP plates and concrete exposed to harsh environments.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (9): 04014252. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001226.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test method for pull-off strength of coatings using portable adhesion testers. ASTM D4541. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test method for pull-off adhesion strength of coatings on concrete using portable pull-off adhesion testers. ASTM D7234. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for pull-off strength for FRP laminate systems bonded to concrete substrate. ASTM D7522/D7522M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bank, L. C., T. R. Gentry, B. P. Thompson, and J. S. Russell. 2003. “A model specification for FRP composites for civil engineering structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 17 (6): 405–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(03)00041-2.
Böer, P., L. Holliday, and T. H. K. Kang. 2013. “Independent environmental effects on durability of fiber-reinforced polymer wraps in civil applications: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48: 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.077.
Cabral-Fonseca, S., J. R. Correia, J. Custódio, H. M. Silva, A. M. Machado, and J. Sousa. 2018. “Durability of FRP-concrete bonded joints in structural rehabilitation: A review.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 83: 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.02.014.
CNR (National Research Council). 2013. Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded frp systems for strengthening existing structures.. Rome: CNR.
Concrete Society Working Party. 2013. Design guidance for strengthening concrete structures using fibre composite materials. Crowthorne, UK: Concrete Society.
Cromwell, J. R., K. A. Harries, and B. M. Shahrooz. 2011. “Environmental durability of externally bonded FRP materials intended for repair of concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2528–2539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.096.
Davalos, J. F., Y. Chen, and I. Ray. 2012. “Long-term durability prediction models for GFRP bars in concrete environment.” J. Compos. Mater. 46 (16): 1899–1914. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311427777.
DeFelsko. 2016. DeFelsko user manual. Ogdensburg, NY: DeFelsko Corporation.
Dutta, P. K. 1989. “A theory of strength degradation of unidirectional fiber composites at low temperature.” In Proc., Advanced Materials Conf. II, edited by F. W. Smith. 647–662. Golden, CO.
Dutta, P. K., and D. Hui. 1996. “Low-temperature and freeze-thaw durability of thick composites.” Composites Part B 27 (3–4): 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-8368(96)00007-8.
Eamon, C. D., H. Wu, A. A. Makkawy, and S. Siavashi. 2014. Design and construction guidelines for strengthening bridges using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). Lansing, MI: Michigan Dept. of Transportation.
Haramis, J. 2003. “Freeze-thaw durability of polymeric composite materials for use in civil infrastructure.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ.
Harichandran, R. S., and M. I. Baiyasi. 2000. Repair of corrosion-damaged columns using FRP wraps. Lansing, MI: Michigan Dept. of Transportation.
Highways Agency. 2002. Design manual for roads and bridges, volume 1: Highway structures: Approval procedures and general design, section 3: General design. Part 16: Strengthening of concrete bridge supports for vehicle impact using fibre reinforced polymers. BD 84/02. London: Highways Agency.
Highways Agency. 2008. Design manual for roads and bridges, volume 1: Highway structures: Approval procedures and general design, section 3: General design part 18: Strengthening highway structures using externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer. BD 84/02. London: Highways Agency.
Hollaway, L. C., and M. Leeming. 1999. Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures: Using externally-bonded FRP composites in structural and civil engineering. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
ISIS (Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures). 2008. “FRP rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures.” Design manual 4 Version 2. Winnipeg, MB, Canada: ISIS Canada Corporation.
Karbhari, V. M. 2003. “Durability of FRP composites for civil infrastructure—Myth, mystery or reality.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 6 (3): 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943303322419250.
Karbhari, V. M., and M. A. Abanilla. 2007. “Design factors, reliability, and durability prediction of wet layup carbon/epoxy used in external strengthening.” Composites Part B 38 (1): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.06.001.
Karbhari, V. M., J. Chin, D. Hunston, B. Benmokrane, T. Juska, R. Morgan, and D. Reynaud. 2003. “Durability gap analysis for fiber-reinforced polymer composites in civil infrastructure.” J. Compos. Constr. 7 (3): 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(238).
Karbhari, V. M., and G. Pope. 1994. “Impact and flexure properties of glass/vinyl ester composites in cold regions.” J. Cold Reg. Eng. 8 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1994)8:1(1).
Karbhari, V. M., J. Rivera, and P. K. Dutta. 2000. “Effect of short-term freeze-thaw cycling on composite confined concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 4 (4): 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2000)4:4(191).
Katz, A., and N. Berman. 2000. “Modeling the effect of high temperature on the bond of FRP reinforcing bars to concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (6): 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00043-3.
MBT (Master Builders Technologies). 1998. MBrace composite strengthening system-engineering design guidelines. 2nd ed. Cleveland: MBT.
MDOT (Michigan Department of Transportation). 2014. Michigan DOT climate vulnerability assessment pilot project final report. Lansing, MI: Cambridge Systematics, and Stratus Consulting.
Mikami, C., H. C. Wu, and A. Elarbi. 2015. “Effect of hot temperature on pull-off strength of FRP bonded concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 91: 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.013.
Naaman, A., S. Y. Park, and M. D. M. Lopez. 1999. Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using CFRP laminates. Rep. No. RC-1372. Lansing, MI: Michigan Dept. of Transportation.
Pan, Y., G. Xian, and H. Li. 2018. “Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the behavior of the bond between CFRP plates and concrete substrates.” J. Compos. Constr. 22 (3): 04018011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000846.
Phani, K. K., and N. R. Bose. 1987. “Temperature dependence of hydrothermal ageing of CSM-laminate during water immersion.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 29 (2): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(87)90050-9.
Rivera, J., and V. M. Karbhari. 2002. “Cold-temperature and simultaneous aqueous environment related degradation of carbon/vinylester composites.” Composites Part B 33 (1): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(01)00058-0.
Sen, R. 2015. “Developments in the durability of FRP-concrete bond.” Constr. Build. Mater. 78: 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.106.
Siavashi, S., A. A. Makkawy, C. D. Eamon, and H. C. Wu. 2017. “Long term degradation of FRP bond in harsh climate.” In Proc., Int. SAMPE Technical Conf., 1050–1062. Diamond Bar, CA: Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering.
Toutanji, H. A., and P. Balaguru. 1999. “Effects of freeze-thaw exposure on performance of concrete columns strengthened with advanced composites.” ACI Mater. J. 96 (5): 605–610.
Tuakta, C., and O. Büyüköztürk. 2011. “Deterioration of FRP/concrete bond system under variable moisture conditions quantified by fracture mechanics.” Composites Part B 42 (2): 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.11.002.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 23 • Issue 2 • April 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 26, 2017
Accepted: Sep 5, 2018
Published online: Jan 29, 2019
Published in print: Apr 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Jun 29, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.