Performance of CFRP-Strengthened Concrete Beams after Exposure to Wet/Dry Cycles
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 22, Issue 6
Abstract
This paper reports on the effect of exposure to cycles of wetting and drying in fresh and salt water on the performance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-bonded concrete beams. The test program included 3, 8, and 12 months of exposure of normal and high-strength concrete specimens strengthened with one and two layers of CFRP reinforcement. The results indicated that the exposure caused a reduction in the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the epoxy adhesive. The ultimate loads of the small-beam specimens were not significantly affected by the exposure owing to the redistribution of shear stress along the CFRP plates. The degradation of the CFRP-concrete interface, however, decreased the bond strength and fracture energy of CFRP strengthening systems in the small-beam test, especially in the one-layer high-strength concrete configuration. Insights on bond characteristics and failure mechanisms of CFRP-strengthened concrete under the tested exposure conditions are presented.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI). Support and assistance provided by Sika (Thailand) Ltd. are also acknowledged.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2017. Guide for design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440.2R-17. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C496/C496M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014a. Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression. ASTM C469/C469M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014b. Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics. ASTM D638. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39/C39M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Choi, S., A. L. Gartner, N. V. Etten, H. R. Hamilton, and E. P. Douglas. 2012. “Durability of concrete beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites expose to various environments.” J. Compos. Constr. 16 (1): 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000233.
Dai, J. G., H. Yokota, M. Iwanami, and E. Kato. 2010. “Experimental investigation of influence of moisture on the bond behavior of FRP to concrete interfaces.” J. Compos. Constr. 14 (6): 834–844. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000142.
Djouani, F., C. Connan, M. Delamar, M. M. Chehimi, and K. Benzarti. 2011. “Cement paste-epoxy adhesive interactions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2): 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.035.
Frigione, M., M. Lettieri, and A. M. Mecchi. 2006. “Environmental effects on epoxy adhesives employed for restoration of historical buildings.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 18 (5): 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:5(715).
Gartner, A., E. Douglas, C. W. Dolan, and H. R. Hamilton. 2011. “Small beam bond test method for CFRP composites applied to concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (1): 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000151.
Lai, W. L., S. C. Kou, C. S. Poon, W. F. Tsang, and C. C. Lai. 2009. “Effects of elevated water temperatures on interfacial delaminations, failure modes and shear strength in externally-bonded CFRP-concrete beams using infrared thermography, gray-scale images and direct shear test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10): 3152–3160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.012.
Loh, W. K., A. D. Crocombe, M. M. A. Wahab, and I. A. Ashcroft. 2005. “Modelling anomalous moisture uptake, swelling and thermal characteristics of a rubber toughened epoxy adhesive.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 25 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.02.002.
Lu, X. Z., J. G. Teng, L. P. Ye, and J. J. Jiang. 2005. “Bond-slip models for FRP sheets/plates bonded to concrete.” J. Eng. Struct. 27 (6): 920–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.01.014.
McSwiggan, C., K. Mak, and A. Fam. 2017. “Concrete bond durability of CFRP sheets with bioresins derived from renewable resources.” J. Compos. Constr. 21 (2): 04016082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000736.
Ouyang, Z., and B. Wan. 2008a. “Experimental and numerical study of moisture effects on the bond fracture energy of FRP/concrete joints.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 27 (2): 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684407082952.
Ouyang, Z., and B. Wan. 2008b. “Modeling of moisture diffusion in FRP strengthened concrete specimens.” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (4): 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:4(425).
Pan, Y., G. Xian, and M. A. G. Silva. 2015. “Effects of water immersion on the bond behavior between CFRP plates and concrete substrate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (1): 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.129.
Sciolti, M. S., M. Frigione, and M. A. Aiello. 2010. “Wet lay-up manufactured FRPs for concrete and masonry repair: Influence of water on the properties of composites and on their epoxy components.” J. Compos. Constr. 14 (6): 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000132.
Soudki, K., E. El-Salakawy, and B. Craig. 2007. “Behavior of CFRP strengthened reinforced concrete beams in corrosive environment.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (3): 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:3(291).
Toutanji, H. A., and W. Gomez. 1997. “Durability characteristic of concrete beams externally bonded with FRP composites sheets.” J. Cem. Concr. Compos. 19 (4): 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00028-0.
Yang, Q., G. Xian, and V. M. Karbhari. 2008. “Hygrothermal ageing of an epoxy adhesive used in FRP strengthening of concrete.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 107 (4): 2607–2617. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.27287.
Yao, J., J. G. Teng, and J. F. Chen. 2005. “Experimental study on FRP-to-concrete bonded joints.” Composite Part B 36 (2): 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.06.001.
Yuan, H., J. G. Teng, R. Seracino, Z. S. Wu, and J. Yao. 2004. “Full-range behavior of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints.” Eng. Struct. 26 (5): 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.11.006.
Yuan, H., Z. Wu, and H. Yoshizawa. 2001. “Theoretical solutions on interfacial stress transfer of externally bonded steel/composite plates.” J. Struct. Mech. Earthquake Eng. 18 (1): 27–39. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.675_27.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 18, 2018
Accepted: Jun 12, 2018
Published online: Sep 18, 2018
Published in print: Dec 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Feb 18, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.